拉丁词根(三十):身体、骨、肉与头
一、corpor / corp:体
拉丁词根 corpor- / corp-(体)来自名词 corpus(身体、整体)。本义「身体、躯体」,引申为「团体、法人、文集」等——把机构或文集视为一个「身体」。
corpor- / corp- “body”
- corpus /ˈkɔːpəs/ corp- + -us,身体 → 躯体;文集、语料库(整体)。例: The corpus of his work fills several volumes.
- corpse /kɔːps/ corp- + -se,身体的(遗骸)→ 尸体。例: The corpse was found in the river.
- corporal /ˈkɔːpərəl/ corpor- + -al,与身体有关的 → 身体的、肉体的。例: Corporal punishment was banned in schools.
- corporation /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn/ corpor- + -ation,结成一体(的团体)→ 法人、公司。例: She works for a large corporation.
- incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/ in-(入)+ corpor- + -ate,使进入一体 → 合并、包含。例: The design incorporates feedback from users.
- corporeal /kɔːˈpɔːriəl/ corpor- + -eal,有形体的 → 物质的、肉体的。例: Ghosts are often said to have no corporeal form.
二、oss:骨
拉丁词根 oss-(骨)来自名词 os(骨头,属格 ossis)。本义「骨」,引申为「骨化、骨质」等。
oss- “bone”
- ossify /ˈɒsɪfaɪ/ oss- + -ify,使成骨 → 骨化;(喻)僵化。例: Cartilage can ossify with age.
- ossification /ˌɒsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ossify + -ation,骨化(过程或结果)→ 骨化;僵化。例: Ossification of the skeleton is complete by early adulthood.
- osseous /ˈɒsiəs/ oss- + -eous,骨的 → 骨质的。例: The osseous tissue was examined under the microscope.
- osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/ osteo-(骨,oss 的希腊对应)+ por-(孔)+ -osis,骨多孔(症)→ 骨质疏松症。例: Calcium and vitamin D help prevent osteoporosis.
- ossuary /ˈɒʃuəri/ oss- + -uary,放骨(的地方)→ 骨灰瓮;骨穴。例: The ancient ossuary contained hundreds of skeletons.
三、carn:肉
拉丁词根 carn-(肉)来自名词 carō(肉,属格 carnis)。本义「肉、肉体」,引申为「肉食、狂欢(与斋戒前食肉相关)、化身」等。
carn- “flesh, meat”
- carnivore /ˈkɑːnɪvɔː/ carn- + -vore(食),食肉者 → 食肉动物。例: Lions are carnivores.
- carnage /ˈkɑːnɪdʒ/ carn- + -age,成片的肉(尸体)→ 大屠杀。例: The battle left a scene of carnage.
- carnal /ˈkɑːnl/ carn- + -al,肉体的 → 肉欲的、世俗的。例: He was accused of carnal desire.
- carnival /ˈkɑːnɪvl/ carn- + -ival,与(斋戒前)食肉告别相关 → 狂欢节、嘉年华。例: The carnival parade drew huge crowds.
- reincarnate /ˌriːɪnˈkɑːneɪt/ re-(再)+ in-(入)+ carn- + -ate,再进入肉体 → 转世、化身。例: Some believe that souls reincarnate after death.
- carnation /kɑːˈneɪʃn/ carn- + -ation,肉色(的花)→ 康乃馨(一说与 incarnation 同源)。例: She wore a red carnation in her buttonhole.
四、capit / cap:头
拉丁词根 capit- / cap-(头)来自名词 caput(头)。本义「头」,引申为「首都、首领、章节、人均」等——头领、头城、头一章。
capit- / cap- “head”
- capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ capit- + -al,头的(首要的)→ 首都;资本;大写的。例: Paris is the capital of France.
- captain /ˈkæptɪn/ capit- + -ain,头(领)→ 队长、船长、上尉。例: The captain gave the order to set sail.
- decapitate /dɪˈkæpɪteɪt/ de-(去掉)+ capit- + -ate,去掉头 → 斩首。例: The statue was decapitated during the revolution.
- capitol /ˈkæpɪtl/ capit- + -ol,头(山)→ 国会大厦(源自罗马 Capitoline 山)。例: The crowd gathered in front of the Capitol.
- chapter /ˈtʃæptə/ capit- + -er,头(部分)→ 章、回。例: The first chapter introduces the main character.
- per capita /pɜː ˈkæpɪtə/ per(每)+ capita(头),每头(每人)→ 人均。例: Income per capita has risen steadily.
五、cor / cord:心(复习)
第十七章已详讲 cor/cord(心)来自拉丁 cor。此处仅作复习:cordial、accord、discord、courage、encourage、record 等。
cor- / cord- “heart” (review, see Ch.17)
- cordial /ˈkɔːdiəl/ 发自内心的 → 热诚的。例: We received a cordial welcome.
- accord /əˈkɔːd/ 心向一处 → 一致、协议。例: The two sides reached an accord.
- courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ 心里的力量 → 勇气。例: It took courage to speak out.
capital vs capitol
Capital 可指「首都、资本、大写的」;Capitol(常大写)专指「国会大厦」(尤指美国国会大厦)。记:Capitol 有 o(像圆顶),多指那座建筑;capital 指首都或资金。
六、小结与下一步
本章按「体—骨—肉—头—心」串联五组词根:corpor/corp(体)→ corpus、corpse、corporal、corporation、incorporate、corporeal;oss(骨)→ ossify、ossification、osseous、osteoporosis、ossuary;carn(肉)→ carnivore、carnage、carnal、carnival、reincarnate、carnation;capit/cap(头)→ capital、captain、decapitate、capitol、chapter、per capita;cor/cord(心,复习)→ cordial、accord、courage。下一章我们会学习「落、坐、卧与居」:cad/cas/cid、sed/sid/sess、cub/cumb、dom/domic。