前缀(二):方向、位置与时间
一、pre-:前
拉丁 pre- 表「在…之前」。
pre- “before”
- preview /ˈpriːvjuː/ pre- + view,先看 → 预览。例: We got a preview of the film.
- prevent /prɪˈvent/ pre- + vent-(来),在(发生)之前来(阻止)→ 防止。例: Vaccines prevent disease.
- prepare /prɪˈpeə/ pre- + par-(备),事先备好 → 准备。例: Prepare the report by Friday.
- predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ pre- + dict-(说),事先说出 → 预测。例: No one could predict the outcome.
- prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk/ pre- + historic,有史之前的 → 史前的。例: Prehistoric humans used tools.
- prefix /ˈpriːfɪks/ pre- + fix,固定在(词)前 → 前缀。例: “Un-” is a prefix in “unhappy”.
二、post-:后
拉丁 post- 表「在…之后」。
post- “after”
- postpone /pəʊstˈpəʊn/ post- + pon-(放),放到后面 → 推迟。例: They postponed the meeting.
- postwar /ˌpəʊstˈwɔː/ post- + war,战后的。例: Postwar Europe rebuilt quickly.
- postgraduate /ˌpəʊstˈɡrædʒuət/ post- + graduate,本科之后的(学位)→ 研究生。例: She is a postgraduate student.
- postscript /ˈpəʊstskrɪpt/ post- + script(写),信后(附)写 → 附言(P.S.)。例: He added a postscript to the letter.
- posthumous /ˈpɒstʃəməs/ post- + hum-(土、葬)+ -ous,死后(的)→ 死后的、身后的。例: He received a posthumous award.
三、ante-:前
拉丁 ante- 表「在…之前」,多接拉丁来源词。
ante- “before”
- antecedent /ˌæntɪˈsiːdnt/ ante- + ced-(走)+ -ent,先行的(事/物)→ 前事、先行词。例: The antecedent of “it” is unclear.
- anteroom /ˈæntiruːm/ ante- + room,前(面的)房间 → 前厅。例: Wait in the anteroom.
- antebellum /ˌæntiˈbeləm/ ante- + bellum(战),战前的(尤指美国内战前)。例: Antebellum architecture is preserved in the South.
- antedate /ˌæntɪˈdeɪt/ ante- + date,日期在…之前 → 早于;倒填日期。例: The letter antedated the contract.
- antenatal /ˌæntiˈneɪtl/ ante- + natal(出生),出生前的 → 产前的。例: She attended antenatal classes.
四、inter-:之间
拉丁 inter- 表「在…之间、相互」。
inter- “between, among”
- international /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl/ inter- + national,国与国之间的 → 国际的。例: International trade has grown.
- interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/ inter- + rupt-(断),在(中间)打断 → 打断。例: Sorry to interrupt you.
- interval /ˈɪntəvl/ inter- + val-(墙),(两墙/两点)之间 → 间隔。例: There was an interval of ten minutes.
- interact /ˌɪntərˈækt/ inter- + act,相互作用 → 互动。例: The two groups rarely interact.
- interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/ inter- + view,相互(见)面 → 面试、采访。例: She had an interview yesterday.
- intercept /ˌɪntəˈsept/ inter- + cept-(取),在(途中)截取 → 拦截。例: The pass was intercepted.
五、trans-:跨、越
拉丁 trans- 表「穿过、到…另一边、转变」。
trans- “across, beyond”
- transport /ˈtrænspɔːt/ trans- + port-(运),运到另一边 → 运输。例: Goods are transported by rail.
- transfer /trænsˈfɜː/ trans- + fer-(带),带到另一边 → 转移、调动。例: He transferred to another branch.
- translate /trænsˈleɪt/ trans- + lat-(带),(意思)带过去 → 翻译。例: Translate this into English.
- transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ trans- + form,形式跨越(改变)→ 转变。例: The project transformed the area.
- transparent /trænsˈpærənt/ trans- + par-(现)+ -ent,(光)穿过而现 → 透明的。例: The glass is transparent.
- transplant /trænsˈplɑːnt/ trans- + plant,栽到(另一处)→ 移植。例: He had a heart transplant.
六、sub-:下
拉丁 sub- 表「在…之下、次」。在 c/f/g/m/p/r 前常同化为 suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-。
sub- “under, below”
- subway /ˈsʌbweɪ/ sub- + way,地下的路 → 地铁。例: He takes the subway to work.
- submarine /ˌsʌbməˈriːn/ sub- + marine(海),海(面)下的 → 潜艇。例: The submarine surfaced.
- subtract /səbˈtrækt/ sub- + tract-(拉),向下拉(掉)→ 减去。例: Subtract 5 from 10.
- submit /səbˈmɪt/ sub- + mit-(送),送到(对方)之下 → 提交、服从。例: Submit your application online.
- subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ sub- + scribe(写),在(名单)下写 → 订阅、签署。例: Subscribe to our newsletter.
- subtitle /ˈsʌbtaɪtl/ sub- + title,(主标题)下的标题 → 副标题、字幕。例: The film has English subtitles.
七、super-:上、超
拉丁 super- 表「在…之上、超过」。
super- “over, above”
- superman /ˈsuːpəmæn/ super- + man,超人。例: He felt like superman after winning.
- supermarket /ˈsuːpəmɑːkɪt/ super- + market,超级(大)市场。例: She shops at the supermarket.
- supernatural /ˌsuːpəˈnætʃərəl/ super- + natural,超越自然的 → 超自然的。例: The story has supernatural elements.
- supervise /ˈsuːpəvaɪz/ super- + vis-(看),从上(面)看 → 监督。例: He supervises ten employees.
- superior /suːˈpɪəriə/ super- + -ior(较),在上的 → 优于、上级的。例: This model is superior to the old one.
八、ex-:出
拉丁 ex- 表「出、向外、前(任)」。在 f 前为 ef-,在 b/d/g/j/l/m/n/r/v 前常同化为 e-。
ex- “out, former”
- exit /ˈeksɪt/ ex- + it-(走),走出去(的口)→ 出口。例: Use the emergency exit.
- export /ˈekspɔːt/ ex- + port-(运),运出 → 出口。例: The country exports oil.
- exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ ex- + clud-(关),关在外面 → 排除。例: No one was excluded.
- exhale /eksˈheɪl/ ex- + hale(呼吸),呼出(气)。例: Exhale slowly.
- ex-president /ˌeksˈprezɪdənt/ ex- + president,前总统。例: The ex-president gave a speech.
- extract /ɪkˈstrækt/ ex- + tract-(拉),拉出 → 提取、摘录。例: Extract the key points.
九、in- / en-:入、使
拉丁 in- 表「入、向内」;en-(法语传入)多表「使…、放入」。
in- / en- “in, into, cause to”
- inject /ɪnˈdʒekt/ in- + ject-(投),投入(体内)→ 注射。例: The nurse injected the vaccine.
- include /ɪnˈkluːd/ in- + clud-(关),关进(来)→ 包含。例: The price includes tax.
- invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ in- + vad-(走),走入(他国)→ 入侵。例: The army invaded the region.
- insert /ɪnˈsɜːt/ in- + sert-(插),插入。例: Insert the card here.
- enable /ɪˈneɪbl/ en- + able,使能够。例: This feature enables sharing.
- enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/ en- + rich,使富有、丰富。例: Reading enriches the mind.
十、circum-:围绕
拉丁 circum- 表「围绕、周围」。
circum- “around”
- circumference /səˈkʌmfərəns/ circum- + fer-(带)+ -ence,绕(圆)带过的(长度)→ 周长。例: The circumference of the circle is 2πr.
- circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstæns/ circum- + st-(立)+ -ance,立于周围(的情况)→ 情况、境况。例: Under the circumstances, we agreed.
- circumvent /ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/ circum- + vent-(来),绕(过)而来 → 规避、绕过。例: They tried to circumvent the rules.
- circumscribe /ˈsɜːkəmskraɪb/ circum- + scribe(写),在周围画(线)→ 限制、外接。例: Powers are circumscribed by law.
- circumnavigate /ˌsɜːkəmˈnævɪɡeɪt/ circum- + navigate,绕(地球等)航行 → 环航。例: Magellan circumnavigated the globe.
十一、retro-:向后
拉丁 retro- 表「向后、追溯」。
retro- “backward, back”
- retrospect /ˈretrəspekt/ retro- + spect-(看),向后看 → 回顾。例: In retrospect, it was a mistake.
- retroactive /ˌretrəʊˈæktɪv/ retro- + active,向后(生效)的 → 溯及既往的。例: The raise was retroactive to January.
- retrograde /ˈretrəɡreɪd/ retro- + grad-(步),向后步 → 倒退的。例: Retrograde motion of planets.
- retrofit /ˈretrəfɪt/ retro- + fit,向后(追加)安装 → 改装、翻新。例: They retrofitted the building with solar panels.
- retro /ˈretrəʊ/ retro(风格),复古的、怀旧的。例: She loves retro fashion.
十二、pro-:前、赞成
拉丁 pro- 表「向前、代替、赞成」。
pro- “forward, for”
- progress /ˈprəʊɡres/ pro- + gress-(步),向前步 → 进步。例: We made good progress.
- promote /prəˈməʊt/ pro- + mot-(动),向前推(动)→ 晋升、推广。例: He was promoted to manager.
- produce /prəˈdjuːs/ pro- + duc-(引),向前引(出)→ 生产、产生。例: The factory produces cars.
- propose /prəˈpəʊz/ pro- + pos-(放),向前放(出)→ 提议。例: He proposed a new plan.
- protect /prəˈtekt/ pro- + tect-(盖),在前(面)遮盖 → 保护。例: Laws protect consumers.
- proceed /prəˈsiːd/ pro- + ceed-(走),向前走 → 进行。例: Please proceed with the presentation.
十三、ab-:离
拉丁 ab- 表「从…离开、脱离」。在 c/t 前常为 a-, abs-。
ab- “away, from”
- absent /ˈæbsənt/ ab- + sent-(在),不在(场)→ 缺席的。例: He was absent from school.
- absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ ab- + sorb-(吸),(从外)吸走 → 吸收。例: The sponge absorbs water.
- abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ abs- + tract-(拉),从(具体)拉出 → 抽象的;摘要。例: Abstract art avoids realism.
- abuse /əˈbjuːs/ ab- + use,偏离(正当)使用 → 滥用、虐待。例: Drug abuse is a serious problem.
- abduct /æbˈdʌkt/ ab- + duct-(引),引离 → 诱拐、绑架。例: The child was abducted.
十四、ad-:向
拉丁 ad- 表「向、到」。在后接辅音前常同化:ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-。
ad- “to, toward”
- advance /ədˈvɑːns/ ad- + vanc-(前),向前 → 前进、预支。例: The army advanced slowly.
- admit /ədˈmɪt/ ad- + mit-(送),送向(内)→ 准许进入、承认。例: He admitted his mistake.
- adapt /əˈdæpt/ ad- + apt-(适合),向(某情况)适合 → 适应、改编。例: Species adapt to the environment.
- adopt /əˈdɒpt/ ad- + opt-(选),向(自己)选来 → 采纳、收养。例: They adopted a child.
- adhere /ədˈhɪə/ ad- + her-(粘),粘向(某物)→ 粘附、坚持。例: The label adheres to the surface.
- adjacent /əˈdʒeɪsnt/ ad- + jac-(躺)+ -ent,躺向(旁边)的 → 相邻的。例: The adjacent room was empty.
pre- 与 post- / ante-
Pre-(前)与 post-(后)成对:preview / (postview 少用)、prewar / postwar、prefix / postfix。 Ante- 也表「前」,多用于拉丁词:antecedent(先行)、anteroom(前厅)、antebellum(战前)。pre- 最常用;ante- 偏正式或历史语境。
sub- 与 super-
Sub-(下):subway 地下(铁)、submarine 水下(艇)、submit 呈(送)下、subtract 减(去)。 Super-(上、超):supermarket 超级市场、supervise 从上(监)视、superior 较上的/优于。二者常成对出现(如 substandard / superhuman)。
十五、小结与下一步
本章串联 14 组方向/位置/时间前缀:pre-, post-, ante-, inter-, trans-, sub-, super-, ex-, in-/en-, circum-, retro-, pro-, ab-, ad-,每组 5–6 个例词并附 IPA 与例句。下一章为「前缀(三):程度、数量与共同」。