拉丁词根(九):持、握、取与占有
一、ten / tain:持
拉丁词根 ten- / tain-(持、握)来自动词 tenēre。现在时词干 ten-,过去分词等形式中常见 tain-。本义「握住、保持」。
ten- / tain- “hold”
- tenant /ˈtenənt/ ten- + -ant,持有(房屋使用权)的人 → 租户、房客。例: The tenant has lived here for five years.
- tenacious /təˈneɪʃəs/ ten- + -acious,紧紧持住的 → 坚韧的、固执的。例: She is tenacious and never gives up easily.
- contain /kənˈteɪn/ con-(一起)+ tain,持在一起、包住 → 包含、控制。例: The box contains all the documents you need.
- retain /rɪˈteɪn/ re-(回)+ tain,持住不放开 → 保留、记住。例: The company tried to retain its best employees.
- maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ main-(manu- 手)+ tain,用手持住 → 维持、保养、主张。例: It is important to maintain a healthy diet.
- obtain /əbˈteɪn/ ob-(向)+ tain,持向自己 → 获得。例: You need a visa to obtain entry to the country.
- sustain /səˈsteɪn/ sus-(sub- 下)+ tain,在下面托住 → 维持、支撑、经受。例: The runner could not sustain the pace for long.
- abstain /əbˈsteɪn/ abs-(离开)+ tain,持身离开(不碰)→ 戒绝、弃权。例: He decided to abstain from alcohol.
二、hab / hib:有、持
拉丁词根 hab- / hib-(有、持)来自动词 habēre。现在时词干 hab-,在部分词中为 hib-。本义「拥有、持有」,引申为「习惯、居住、展示」等。
hab- / hib- “have, hold”
- habit /ˈhæbɪt/ hab- + -it,长期「持有」的行为 → 习惯。例: Reading before bed is a good habit.
- inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/ in-(入)+ hab + -it,在(某地)持有居所 → 居住于。例: Many species inhabit this forest.
- exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ ex-(出)+ hib + -it,持出来给人看 → 展出、表现。例: The museum will exhibit paintings by local artists.
- prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/ pro-(前)+ hib + -it,在前面持住、拦住 → 禁止。例: Smoking is prohibited in this building.
- inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/ in-(入)+ hib + -it,持住不让动 → 抑制、阻碍。例: Shyness can inhibit people from speaking in public.
- rehabilitate /ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪt/ re-(再)+ hab + -ilit- + -ate,再次使之「有能力持有」→ 康复、恢复。例: The centre helps rehabilitate injured wildlife.
三、prehend / prehens:抓
拉丁词根 prehend- / prehens-(抓)来自动词 prehendere。现在时词干 prehend-,过去分词词干 prehens-。本义「抓住」,引申为「领会、逮捕、责备」。
prehend- / prehens- “seize, grasp”
- apprehend /ˌæprɪˈhend/ ap-(ad- 向)+ prehend,向……抓去 → 逮捕;领会。例: The police apprehended the suspect at the airport.
- comprehend /ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/ com-(一起)+ prehend,把(意思)抓到一起 → 理解。例: I could not comprehend what he was saying.
- comprehensive /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ com- + prehens + -ive,全部抓到的 → 全面的、综合的。例: We need a comprehensive plan for the project.
- prehensile /prɪˈhensaɪl/ prehens- + -ile,能抓的 → 能抓握的(如猴尾、象鼻)。例: Monkeys have prehensile tails that can grip branches.
- reprehend /ˌreprɪˈhend/ re-(回)+ prehend,抓回来(指责)→ 责备、批评。例: The teacher reprehended the student for cheating.
四、sum / sumpt:取、拿
拉丁词根 sum- / sumpt-(取、拿)来自动词 sūmere。现在时词干 sum-,过去分词词干 sumpt-。本义「取、拿」,引申为「消费、假定、恢复」等。
sum- / sumpt- “take”
- consume /kənˈsjuːm/ con-(完全)+ sum,完全取用 → 消费、消耗。例: The engine consumes a lot of fuel.
- assume /əˈsjuːm/ as-(ad- 向)+ sum,取为己有、当作 → 假定、承担。例: Don’t assume that everyone agrees with you.
- presume /prɪˈzjuːm/ pre-(前)+ sum,事先取定 → 假定、擅自。例: I presume you have already heard the news.
- resume /rɪˈzjuːm/ re-(再)+ sum,再取起来 → 恢复、继续。例: Classes will resume next Monday.
- consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ consume 的名词形式 → 消费、消耗量。例: Energy consumption has risen sharply.
- presumption /prɪˈzʌmpʃn/ presume 的名词形式 → 假定、冒昧。例: The presumption of innocence is a basic legal principle.
五、empt:买、取
拉丁词根 empt-(买、取)来自动词 emere 的过去分词 emptus。在英语里多为 empt-(或 em-)。本义「买、取」,引申为「免除、赎回、抢先」等。
empt- / em- “buy, take”
- exempt /ɪɡˈzempt/ ex-(出)+ empt,取出去、排除 → 免除。例: Children are exempt from paying the fee.
- redeem /rɪˈdiːm/ re-(回)+ deem(em 变体),买回 → 赎回、弥补。例: He promised to redeem himself by working harder.
- premium /ˈpriːmiəm/ pre-(前)+ em- + -ium,先取(的酬金)→ 保险费、溢价、优质。例: This brand is sold at a premium price.
- preempt /priˈempt/ pre-(前)+ empt,先取 → 抢先、先发制人。例: The government preempted the protest by announcing new policies.
- peremptory /pəˈremptəri/ per-(完全)+ empt + -ory,完全取定、不容争辩 → 专横的、断然的。例: She gave a peremptory nod and left the room.
assume 与 presume
Assume 强调「未经证实就当作真」或「承担(责任/角色)」:Don’t assume the worst;She assumed the role of leader。 Presume 多指「基于合理依据的推测」或「擅自做」:I presume he will agree;Don’t presume to speak for me。两者都含 sum(取),assume 偏「取为己有、当作」,presume 偏「事先取定、推测」。
六、小结与下一步
本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:ten/tain(持)→ tenant、tenacious、contain、retain、maintain、obtain、sustain、abstain;hab/hib(有、持)→ habit、inhabit、exhibit、prohibit、inhibit、rehabilitate;prehend/prehens(抓)→ apprehend、comprehend、comprehensive、prehensile、reprehend;sum/sumpt(取、拿)→ consume、assume、presume、resume、consumption、presumption;empt(买、取)→ exempt、redeem、premium、preempt、peremptory。下一章我们会学习「投、掷与放置」:jac/ject、loc、posit。