拉丁词根(八):做、造、建与生
一、fac / fic / fect:做
拉丁词根 fac- / fic- / fect-(做)来自动词 facere。现在时词干 fac-,过去分词词干 fect-,在部分词中为 fic-。都表「做、制造、使成」。
fac- / fic- / fect- “do, make”
- fact /fækt/ 做出来的事 → 事实。例: It is a fact that the earth orbits the sun.
- factory /ˈfæktri/ fact- + -ory(场所),做东西的地方 → 工厂。例: The factory produces over 10,000 cars a year.
- affect /əˈfekt/ af-(ad- 向)+ fect,对……做(施加影响)→ 影响、打动。例: The bad news affected her deeply.
- effect /ɪˈfekt/ ef-(ex- 出)+ fect,做出来的结果 → 效果、影响。例: The medicine had no effect on his headache.
- efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ ef- + fic- + -ient,能做出(成果)的 → 有效率的。例: We need a more efficient way to process orders.
- sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/ sub-(下、足够)+ fic- + -ient,做到够的 → 足够的。例: Do we have sufficient supplies for the trip?
- deficient /dɪˈfɪʃnt/ de-(离、缺)+ fic- + -ient,做得不够 → 不足的、有缺陷的。例: The report was deficient in several key areas.
- manufacture /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə/ manu-(手)+ fact + -ure,用手做 → 制造。例: The company manufactures electronic components.
- beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/ bene-(好)+ fic- + -ial,做出好事的 → 有益的。例: Exercise is beneficial to your health.
二、struct:建造
拉丁词根 struct-(建造、堆叠)来自动词 struere。在英语里多为 struct-。本义「建造、堆叠」,引申为「结构、指示(在心里搭建)」等。
struct- “build, pile”
- structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ struct- + -ure,建造出来的东西 → 结构、建筑物。例: The structure of the essay is clear and logical.
- construct /kənˈstrʌkt/ con-(一起)+ struct,堆建在一起 → 建造、构建。例: They plan to construct a new bridge next year.
- instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/ in-(入)+ struct,在(心里)搭建 → 指导、指示。例: The teacher instructed the class to open their books.
- destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ de-(反、下)+ struct 变体(stroy),把建的拆掉 → 破坏。例: The fire destroyed the entire building.
- infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ infra-(下)+ structure,下面的结构 → 基础设施。例: The country needs to invest in its infrastructure.
- obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/ ob-(对)+ struct,在对面建造(挡路)→ 阻塞、妨碍。例: Fallen trees obstructed the road.
三、cre:创造
拉丁词根 cre-(创造、生长)来自动词 creāre。在英语里多为 cre-。本义「创造、产生」,引申为「增加、减少(cre 的变体 crescere 生长)」等。
cre- “create, grow”
- create /kriˈeɪt/ cre- + -ate,创造 → 创造、创建。例: The artist creates beautiful sculptures from stone.
- creation /kriˈeɪʃn/ create + -ion → 创造物、创作。例: The museum displays creations from around the world.
- creature /ˈkriːtʃə/ cre- + -ature,被创造之物 → 生物、生灵。例: Whales are among the largest creatures on earth.
- increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ in-(入)+ crease(cre 生长变体),长进去 → 增加。例: Sales have increased by 20% this year.
- decrease /dɪˈkriːs/ de-(下)+ crease,往下降 → 减少。例: The number of visitors has decreased recently.
- concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ con-(一起)+ crete(cre 变体),长在一起、凝固 → 具体的;混凝土。例: We need concrete evidence before we can act.
四、gen:生、种
拉丁/希腊词根 gen-(生、种、类)来自拉丁 generāre 等。在英语里多为 gen-。本义「生、产生、种类」,引申为「一般、天才、慷慨」等。
gen- “birth, kind, produce”
- generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ gen- + -ate,产生 → 产生、生成。例: The new policy will generate more jobs.
- generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ generate + -ion,一代(生出来的)→ 一代人、产生。例: My generation grew up with the internet.
- general /ˈdʒenrəl/ gen- + -al,与「种类」相关的、总体的 → 一般的、总的。例: The general opinion is that the plan will work.
- genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/ gen- + -ius,天生(的才能)→ 天才、天赋。例: She has a genius for languages.
- genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ gen- + -etic,与出生/遗传有关的 → 遗传的。例: The disease has a genetic component.
- generous /ˈdʒenərəs/ gen- + -ous,出身高贵的、大度的 → 慷慨的。例: Thank you for your generous donation.
- genre /ˈʒɒ̃rə/ 来自法语,与 gen 同源 → 类型、体裁。例: Science fiction is my favourite genre.
affect 与 effect
Affect 多为动词,表示「影响、打动」:The weather affects our mood。 Effect 多为名词,表示「效果、结果」:The effect of the drug was immediate;作动词时意为「使发生、实现」:effect a change。两者都含 fect(做),区别在于前缀:af-(向)→ 对……施加;ef-(出)→ 做出来的结果。
五、小结与下一步
本章介绍了四组拉丁词根:fac/fic/fect(做)→ fact、factory、affect、effect、efficient、sufficient、deficient、manufacture、beneficial;struct(建造)→ structure、construct、instruct、destroy、infrastructure、obstruct;cre(创造)→ create、creation、creature、increase、decrease、concrete;gen(生、种)→ generate、generation、general、genius、genetic、generous、genre。下一章我们会学习「持、握、取与占有」:ten/tain、hab/hib、prehend/prehens、sum/sumpt、empt。