拉丁词根(七):看、触与感

看、触、感、意见。 本章四组词根对应「感知与态度」:spec/spect/spic(看)→ spectacle /ˈspektəkl/inspect /ɪnˈspekt/tang/tact(触)→ tangible /ˈtændʒəbl/contact /ˈkɒntækt/sens/sent(感觉)→ sensation /senˈseɪʃn/consent /kənˈsent/sent(意见、感觉)→ sentiment /ˈsentɪmənt/dissent /dɪˈsent/。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示,帮助在阅读中识别 perception 与 sensation 相关词汇。

一、spec / spect / spic:看

拉丁词根 spec- / spect- / spic-(看)来自动词 specere。现在时词干 spec-,过去分词词干 spect-,有时为 spic-。本义「看、观察」,引申为「外观、期望、怀疑」等。

spec- / spect- / spic- “look, see”

拉丁 specere(看)→ spec-、spect-、spic-

  • spectacle /ˈspektəkl/ spect- + -acle,被看的东西 → 景象、奇观;spectacles 眼镜。例: The fireworks were a magnificent spectacle.
  • inspect /ɪnˈspekt/ in-(入)+ spect,看进去 → 检查、审视。例: The officer stopped to inspect our documents.
  • respect /rɪˈspekt/ re-(回)+ spect,回头看、重视 → 尊敬、方面。例: We should respect other people’s opinions.
  • suspect /səˈspekt/ sub-(下)+ spect,从下面看、疑心 → 怀疑;名词 /ˈsʌspekt/ 嫌疑犯。例: I suspect that he is not telling the truth.
  • perspective /pəˈspektɪv/ per-(通过)+ spect + -ive,看过去的方式 → 视角、透视。例: From a child’s perspective, the world looks very different.
  • aspect /ˈæspekt/ a-(ad- 向)+ spect,朝……看(到的面)→ 方面、面貌。例: We need to consider every aspect of the problem.
  • prospect /ˈprɒspekt/ pro-(前)+ spect,向前看 → 前景、预期。例: The prospect of a holiday cheered her up.
  • spectator /ˈspekteɪtə/ spect- + -ator,看的人 → 观众。例: Thousands of spectators filled the stadium.
  • conspicuous /kənˈspɪkjuəs/ con-(一起)+ spic + -uous,一起能看到的 → 显眼的、引人注目的。例: She was conspicuous in her bright red dress.

二、tang / tact:触

拉丁词根 tang- / tact-(触)来自动词 tangere。现在时词干 tang-,过去分词词干 tact-。本义「接触、触碰」,引申为「 tangible 可触摸的、intact 未触碰的」等。

tang- / tact- “touch”

拉丁 tangere(触)→ tang-、tact-

  • tangible /ˈtændʒəbl/ tang- + -ible,能被触到的 → 有形的、实际的。例: We need tangible evidence to support the claim.
  • contact /ˈkɒntækt/ con-(一起)+ tact,触在一起 → 接触、联系。例: Have you been in contact with her recently?
  • intact /ɪnˈtækt/ in-(不)+ tact,未被触动的 → 完整无损的。例: The package arrived intact despite the long journey.
  • tactile /ˈtæktaɪl/ tact- + -ile,与触觉有关的 → 触觉的、可触摸的。例: Babies learn through tactile exploration.
  • contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ con- + tag(tang 变体)+ -ious,接触即传的 → 传染的、有感染力的。例: Laughter is contagious.
  • tact /tækt/ 来自 tact-,原义「触」→ 引申为「(与人接触时)得体、圆通」。例: She handled the difficult situation with great tact.
四组词根与例词:看(spec/spect/spic)、触(tang/tact)、感觉(sens/sent)、意见(sent)

三、sens / sent:感觉

拉丁词根 sens- / sent-(感觉)来自动词 sentīre。现在时词干多为 sent-,过去分词等形式为 sens-。本义「感觉、感知」,与 sensation、perception 紧密相关。

sens- / sent- “feel, perceive”

拉丁 sentīre(感觉)→ sens-、sent-

  • sense /sens/ 直接来自词根 → 感官、感觉、意义。例: She has a good sense of direction.
  • sensation /senˈseɪʃn/ sens- + -ation,感觉(的结果)→ 感觉、轰动。例: The new product caused a sensation in the market.
  • sensitive /ˈsensətɪv/ sens- + -itive,易感觉的 → 敏感的。例: His teeth are very sensitive to cold.
  • sensible /ˈsensəbl/ sens- + -ible,能感觉(到后果)的 → 明智的、合理的。例: It would be sensible to save some money for emergencies.
  • consent /kənˈsent/ con-(一起)+ sent,一起感觉、同感 → 同意、准许。例: She gave her consent to the marriage.
  • sentence /ˈsentəns/ sent- + -ence,表达「想法/感觉」的一串词 → 句子;判决。例: He was given a long sentence for the crime.

四、sent:意见、态度

同一词根 sent-(感觉)常引申为「意见、态度」:几人「同感」为 consent,「异感」为 dissent,表达感受为 sentiment,对某事「再感」不满为 resent。

sent- “feel, opinion” (same root, extended)

拉丁 sentīre(感觉)→ 引申为意见、态度

  • sentiment /ˈsentɪmənt/ sent- + -iment,感受、看法 → 情绪、观点。例: There is strong sentiment against the new policy.
  • dissent /dɪˈsent/ dis-(分开)+ sent,感觉不同 → 异议、持不同意见。例: Two judges expressed their dissent from the ruling.
  • assent /əˈsent/ as-(ad- 向)+ sent,向(某看法)感觉 → 同意、赞成。例: The committee gave its assent to the proposal.
  • resent /rɪˈzent/ re-(再、反)+ sent,对……再次/反向感觉 → 怨恨、不满。例: She resents being treated like a child.
  • presentiment /prɪˈzentɪmənt/ pre-(前)+ sent + -iment,事先的感觉 → 预感。例: He had a presentiment that something bad would happen.

perception 与 sensation

Sensation 强调「感官上的感觉」(触、味、听等),如 The sensation of cold;也指「轰动」:cause a sensation。 Perception 来自另一词根(per- + cap「拿」),强调「知觉、理解」。本章的 sens/sent 覆盖 sense、sensation、sensitive、sensible、consent、sentiment、dissent、resent 等,都与「感觉、感受、意见」相关,便于与第四章的 vid/vis(看)、dict(说)等区分:spec/spect 偏「看、观察」,sens/sent 偏「感、意见」。

五、小结与下一步

本章介绍了四组拉丁词根:spec/spect/spic(看)→ spectacle、inspect、respect、suspect、perspective、aspect、prospect、spectator、conspicuous;tang/tact(触)→ tangible、contact、intact、tactile、contagious、tact;sens/sent(感觉)→ sense、sensation、sensitive、sensible、consent、sentence;sent(意见)→ sentiment、dissent、assent、resent、presentiment。下一章我们会学习「做、造、建与生」:fac/fic/fectstructcregen