拉丁词根(六):移动、行走与前进
一、mov / mot / mob:动
拉丁词根 mov- / mot- / mob-(动)来自动词 movēre。现在时词干 mov-,过去分词词干 mot-,名词等中常见 mob-(音变)。都表「移动、驱动」。
mov- / mot- / mob- “move”
- move /muːv/ 直接来自词根 → 移动、搬家、打动。例: We are going to move to a bigger house next month.
- motion /ˈməʊʃn/ mot- + -ion,动的状态或动作 → 运动、动议。例: The motion was passed by a majority of votes.
- motive /ˈməʊtɪv/ mot- + -ive,促使「动」的原因 → 动机。例: The police are still trying to establish a motive for the crime.
- motor /ˈməʊtə/ mot- + -or,驱动(机器/车)的东西 → 马达、发动机。例: The motor of the car needs to be serviced.
- mobile /ˈməʊbaɪl/ mob- + -ile(能……的),能动的 → 可移动的;mobile phone 手机。例: She has a mobile library that visits villages every week.
- emotion /ɪˈməʊʃn/ e-(出)+ mot + -ion,内心「动」出来 → 情绪、情感。例: He spoke with strong emotion about his childhood.
- promote /prəˈməʊt/ pro-(前)+ mot,向前推动 → 晋升、推广、促进。例: She was promoted to manager last year.
- remote /rɪˈməʊt/ re-(回)+ mot,被移回去的 → 遥远的、远程的。例: They live in a remote village in the mountains.
- commotion /kəˈməʊʃn/ com-(一起)+ mot + -ion,一起动、乱动 → 骚动、喧闹。例: There was a commotion in the street when the fire broke out.
二、grad / gress:步、进
拉丁词根 grad- / gress-(步、进)来自动词 gradī(迈步)。现在时词干 grad-,过去分词词干 gress-。本义「一步、迈步」,引申为「等级、进展」。
grad- / gress- “step, go”
- grade /ɡreɪd/ grad-,一步一级 → 等级、年级、成绩。例: She got good grades in all her exams.
- gradual /ˈɡrædʒuəl/ grad- + -ual,一步一步的 → 逐渐的。例: We have seen a gradual improvement in sales.
- graduate /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ grad- + -ate,走完(学业)的步骤 → 毕业;名词毕业生。例: He will graduate from university next summer.
- progress /ˈprəʊɡres/ pro-(前)+ gress,向前迈步 → 进展、进步。例: We are making good progress on the new project.
- aggressive /əˈɡresɪv/ ag-(ad- 向)+ gress + -ive,向……迈步逼近 → 侵略性的、有进取心的。例: The company has an aggressive marketing strategy.
- digress /daɪˈɡres/ di-(离)+ gress,步子走开 → 离题。例: I digress—let me return to the main point.
- egress /ˈiːɡres/ e-(出)+ gress,走出去 → 出口、外出。例: All buildings must have clear egress in case of fire.
- transgress /trænzˈɡres/ trans-(跨)+ gress,步子跨过(界线)→ 违反、越界。例: Anyone who transgresses the rules will be punished.
三、vad / vas:走
拉丁词根 vad- / vas-(走)来自动词 vādere。现在时词干 vad-,过去分词等形式 vas-。本义「走、去」,引申为「侵入、逃避、遍布」。
vad- / vas- “go, walk”
- invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ in-(入)+ vad,走进去 → 入侵、侵扰。例: The army invaded the country at dawn.
- evade /ɪˈveɪd/ e-(出)+ vad,走出去、躲开 → 逃避、规避。例: He tried to evade the question by changing the subject.
- evasion /ɪˈveɪʒn/ evade 的名词形式 → 逃避、遁词。例: Tax evasion is a serious offence.
- pervasive /pəˈveɪsɪv/ per-(贯穿)+ vas + -ive,走遍的 → 遍布的、弥漫的。例: The smell of coffee was pervasive in the building.
- invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn/ invade 的名词形式 → 入侵、侵犯。例: The invasion of privacy angered many people.
- wade /weɪd/ 与 vad 同源,原义「走(过水)」→ 涉水、跋涉。例: We had to wade through the river to reach the other side.
四、ambul:走、行
拉丁词根 ambul-(走、行)来自动词 ambulāre。在英语里形式多为 ambul-。本义「步行、走动」,常与「来回、四处」相关。
ambul- “walk”
- ambulance /ˈæmbjələns/ ambul- + -ance,原指「流动(野战)医院」→ 救护车。例: An ambulance arrived within minutes of the call.
- ambulatory /ˈæmbjələtəri/ ambul- + -atory,能走动的 → 可走动的、门诊的。例: After the operation he was ambulatory within a day.
- somnambulist /sɒmˈnæmbjəlɪst/ somn-(睡)+ ambul + -ist,睡着时走路的人 → 梦游者。例: A somnambulist may do complex things while asleep.
- perambulate /pəˈræmbjuleɪt/ per-(遍)+ ambul + -ate,到处走 → 漫步、巡视。例: We perambulated around the old town for an hour.
- preamble /ˈpriːæmbl/ pre-(前)+ ambul 变体,在(正文)前「走」过的 → 前言、序言。例: The preamble to the constitution sets out its aims.
五、it:走
拉丁词根 it-(走)来自动词 īre。在英语里多为 it-(如 exit、transit),有时与 -ion 结合成 -ition。本义「去、走」。
it- “go”
- exit /ˈeksɪt/ ex-(出)+ it,走出去(的地方/动作)→ 出口、离开。例: Please use the emergency exit in case of fire.
- transit /ˈtrænzɪt/ trans-(跨)+ it,从这边走到那边 → 运输、过境。例: The goods are lost in transit.
- itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri/ it- + -iner-(路)+ -ary,走的路线 → 行程、旅行计划。例: The travel agent gave us a detailed itinerary.
- initial /ɪˈnɪʃl/ in-(入)+ it + -ial,刚「走进去」的 → 最初的、首字母。例: The initial response was positive.
- ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/ amb-(around)+ it + -ion,四处「走」(拉票)→ 野心、抱负。例: Her ambition is to become a doctor.
- sedition /sɪˈdɪʃn/ se-(离)+ it + -ion,走离(当局)→ 煽动叛乱。例: He was charged with sedition for his speeches.
mov / mot / mob 与 grad / gress
mov/mot/mob 强调「动」本身:移动、驱动、情绪波动、晋升、远程。 grad/gress 强调「步、级、进程」:一步一级(grade、gradual)、向前迈步(progress)、离题(digress)、越界(transgress)。遇到「动」义时,若词里有「步、级、进」的意味(如 progress、graduate),多为 grad/gress;若是「移动、驱动、情绪、推广」类,多为 mov/mot/mob。
六、小结与下一步
本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:mov/mot/mob(动)→ move、motion、motive、motor、mobile、emotion、promote、remote、commotion;grad/gress(步、进)→ grade、gradual、graduate、progress、aggressive、digress、egress、transgress;vad/vas(走)→ invade、evade、evasion、pervasive、invasion、wade;ambul(走、行)→ ambulance、ambulatory、somnambulist、perambulate、preamble;it(走)→ exit、transit、itinerary、initial、ambition、sedition。下一章我们会学习「看、触与感」:spec/spect/spic、tang/tact、sens/sent。