拉丁词根(五):连接、弯曲、拉与推

连、弯、拉、推、张。 本章五组词根对应五种「力与形态」:junct/jug(连接)→ junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/flex/flect(弯)→ flexible /ˈfleksəbl/reflect /rɪˈflekt/tract(拉)→ attract /əˈtrækt/contract /kənˈtrækt/pel/puls(推、驱)→ compel /kəmˈpel/repel /rɪˈpel/tend/tens(伸、张)→ extend /ɪkˈstend/tension /ˈtenʃn/。注意动词与名词的对应(如 attract → attraction,extend → extension),每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示。

一、junct / jug:连接

拉丁词根 junct- / jug-(连接)来自动词 iungere。过去分词词干 junct-,现在时词干有时为 jug-(如 conjugate)。核心义是「连接、结合」。

junct- / jug- “join”

拉丁 iungere(连接)→ junct-、jug-

  • join /dʒɔɪn/ 来自古法语,与 junct 同源 → 加入、连接。例: Will you join us for dinner tonight?
  • junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ junct- + -ion,连接处 → 交叉口、枢纽。例: Turn left at the next junction.
  • conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ con-(一起)+ junct + -ion,连在一起 → 连词;in conjunction with 与……一起。例: The project was done in conjunction with a local university.
  • adjunct /ˈædʒʌŋkt/ ad-(向)+ junct,连接到……上的 → 附加物、兼任教师。例: He works as an adjunct professor at two colleges.
  • conjugate /ˈkɒndʒəɡeɪt/ con- + jug + -ate,把(动词形式)连在一起 → conjugating verbs 动词变位。例: In French class we learned to conjugate irregular verbs.
  • conjugal /ˈkɒndʒəɡl/ con- + jug + -al,婚姻「连接」的 → 婚姻的、夫妻的。例: They enjoyed a brief period of conjugal happiness.

二、flex / flect:弯

拉丁词根 flex- / flect-(弯)来自动词 flectere。现在时词干 flect-,过去分词词干 flex-。本义「弯曲」,引申为「灵活、折射」。

flex- / flect- “bend”

拉丁 flectere(弯)→ flex-、flect-

  • flex /fleks/ 直接来自词根 → 弯曲、屈伸;flex one’s muscles 炫耀实力。例: He flexed his fingers after typing for hours.
  • flexible /ˈfleksəbl/ flex- + -ible,能弯的 → 灵活的、易弯曲的。例: We need a flexible schedule to suit everyone.
  • reflect /rɪˈflekt/ re-(回)+ flect,弯回去 → 反射(光);反省、反映。例: The lake reflects the mountains beautifully.
  • deflect /dɪˈflekt/ de-(离)+ flect,弯开 → 使偏转、转移。例: He tried to deflect the question by changing the subject.
  • inflection /ɪnˈflekʃn/ in-(入)+ flect + -ion,弯入(声调或词形)→ 屈折、语调变化。例: She spoke with a slight inflection of surprise.
  • genuflect /ˈdʒenjuflekt/ genu-(膝)+ flect,弯膝 → 屈膝(尤指宗教礼仪)。例: The worshippers genuflected before the altar.
五组词根与例词:连接(junct/jug)、弯曲(flex/flect)、拉(tract)、推(pel/puls)、伸张(tend/tens)

三、tract:拉

拉丁词根 tract-(拉、拖)来自动词 trahere。在英语里形式稳定,多为 tract-。本义「拉、拖」,引申为「吸引、收缩、抽取」等。

tract- “pull, drag”

拉丁 trahere(拉)→ tract-

  • tractor /ˈtræktə/ tract- + -or,拉(农具、拖车)的东西 → 拖拉机。例: The farmer used a tractor to plough the field.
  • attract /əˈtrækt/ at-(ad- 向)+ tract,向自己这边拉 → 吸引。例: The bright colours attract insects to the flowers.
  • contract /kənˈtrækt/ con-(一起)+ tract,往一起拉 → 收缩、订合同;名词 /ˈkɒntrækt/ 合同。例: Metal contracts when it gets cold.
  • subtract /səbˈtrækt/ sub-(下)+ tract,从下面拉走 → 减去。例: If you subtract 5 from 12, you get 7.
  • extract /ɪkˈstrækt/ ex-(出)+ tract,拉出来 → 提取、摘录。例: We need to extract the key points from the report.
  • distract /dɪˈstrækt/ dis-(分开)+ tract,把(注意力)拉散 → 使分心。例: Don’t let noise distract you from your work.
  • retract /rɪˈtrækt/ re-(回)+ tract,拉回去 → 收回、缩回。例: The newspaper was forced to retract the false story.
  • traction /ˈtrækʃn/ tract- + -ion,拉(的力/效果)→ 牵引、摩擦力。例: The tyres lost traction on the icy road.

四、pel / puls:推、驱

拉丁词根 pel- / puls-(推、驱)来自动词 pellere。现在时词干 pel-,过去分词词干 puls-。本义「推、驱赶」,引申为「强迫、排斥、冲动」。

pel- / puls- “drive, push”

拉丁 pellere(推、驱)→ pel-、puls-

  • compel /kəmˈpel/ com-(加强)+ pel,用力推 → 强迫、迫使。例: The law compels all citizens to pay taxes.
  • repel /rɪˈpel/ re-(回)+ pel,推回去 → 击退、使厌恶。例: The army repelled the enemy attack.
  • expel /ɪkˈspel/ ex-(出)+ pel,推出去 → 驱逐、开除。例: The student was expelled for cheating in the exam.
  • impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ im-(in- 入)+ puls,推入(的力)→ 冲动、脉冲。例: She bought the dress on impulse.
  • pulse /pʌls/ 来自 puls-,有节奏的「推」动 → 脉搏、脉冲。例: The doctor checked his pulse and blood pressure.
  • repulse /rɪˈpʌls/ re- + puls,推回 → 击退、使厌恶。例: The idea of eating insects repulses many people.
  • propel /prəˈpel/ pro-(前)+ pel,向前推 → 推进、驱动。例: The boat is propelled by a small motor.

五、tend / tens:伸、张

拉丁词根 tend- / tens-(伸、张)来自动词 tendere。现在时词干 tend-,过去分词词干 tens-(或 tent-)。本义「伸展、绷紧」,引申为「倾向、意图、紧张」。

tend- / tens- / tent- “stretch, extend”

拉丁 tendere(伸、张)→ tend-、tens-、tent-

  • extend /ɪkˈstend/ ex-(出)+ tend,向外伸 → 延伸、延长、伸出。例: We decided to extend our holiday by a week.
  • tension /ˈtenʃn/ tens- + -ion,被拉紧的状态 → 紧张、张力。例: There was tension between the two countries.
  • intense /ɪnˈtens/ in-(加强)+ tens,绷得很紧的 → 强烈的、激烈的。例: The heat was intense during the summer.
  • attend /əˈtend/ at-(ad- 向)+ tend,把注意力伸向…… → 出席、照料。例: Over 500 people attended the conference.
  • contend /kənˈtend/ con-(一起)+ tend,一起伸(争)→ 竞争、主张。例: Three teams will contend for the championship.
  • tendency /ˈtendənsi/ tend- + -ency,伸向某方的性质 → 倾向、趋势。例: She has a tendency to worry too much.
  • pretend /prɪˈtend/ pre-(前)+ tend,向前伸(装出来)→ 假装。例: The child pretended to be asleep.
  • contention /kənˈtenʃn/ contend 的名词形式 → 争论、主张。例: There is contention over who should lead the project.

动词与名词对应

本章词根常出现「动词 + -ion/-ure」→ 名词的对应:attract → attraction,contract(动词)→ contract(名词)、contraction,extract → extraction,extend → extension,tension 本身为名词(对应动词 tense),contend → contention。记词根时顺便记一对,可一次掌握两个词。

六、小结与下一步

本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:junct/jug(连接)→ join、junction、conjunction、adjunct、conjugate、conjugal;flex/flect(弯)→ flex、flexible、reflect、deflect、inflection、genuflect;tract(拉)→ tractor、attract、contract、subtract、extract、distract、retract、traction;pel/puls(推、驱)→ compel、repel、expel、impulse、pulse、repulse、propel;tend/tens(伸、张)→ extend、tension、intense、attend、contend、tendency、pretend、contention。下一章我们会学习「移动、行走与前进」:mov/mot/mobgrad/gressvad/vasambulit