拉丁词根(四):拿、给、送、来、跑

拿、给、走、来、跑。 本章五组词根对应五种「方向与动作」:cap/cept/ceive(拿、取)→ capture /ˈkæptʃə/receive /rɪˈsiːv/don/dat(给)→ donate /dəʊˈneɪt/data /ˈdeɪtə/ced/ceed/cess(走、让)→ succeed /səkˈsiːd/access /ˈækses/ven/vent(来)→ invent /ɪnˈvent/event /ɪˈvent/cur/cours(跑)→ current /ˈkʌrənt/course /kɔːs/。一词多形(如 cap → cept → ceive)在本章会反复出现,每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示。

一、cap / cept / ceive:拿、取

拉丁词根 cap-(拿、取)来自动词 capere。现在时词干 cap-,过去分词词干 cept-,不定式等形式中常见 ceive-(音变)。三者同源,都表「抓取、接受」。

cap- / cept- / ceive- “take, seize”

拉丁 capere(拿、取)→ cap-、cept-、ceive-

  • capture /ˈkæptʃə/ cap- + -ure,把……抓取 → 捕获、夺取、记录(如 capture a moment)。例: The photo captures the joy of the wedding day.
  • accept /əkˈsept/ ac-(ad- 向)+ cept,向自己这边拿 → 接受、同意。例: She decided to accept the job offer.
  • receive /rɪˈsiːv/ re-(回)+ ceive,拿回来 → 收到、接待。例: I received a letter from my old friend yesterday.
  • conceive /kənˈsiːv/ con-(一起)+ ceive,把想法「拿到一起」→ 构想、怀孕。例: It is hard to conceive of life without the internet.
  • perceive /pəˈsiːv/ per-(通过)+ ceive,通过感官「拿到」→ 察觉、认为。例: Dogs can perceive sounds that humans cannot hear.
  • deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ de-(离)+ ceive,把(真相)从对方那里拿走 → 欺骗。例: He tried to deceive us with a fake story.
  • except /ɪkˈsept/ ex-(出)+ cept,拿出去、排除 → 除……之外。例: Everyone was there except Tom.
  • concept /ˈkɒnsept/ con- + cept,拿在一起形成的 → 概念、观念。例: The concept of time varies from culture to culture.
  • capacity /kəˈpæsəti/ cap- + -acity,能「拿」多少 → 容量、能力。例: The stadium has a capacity of 50,000 people.

二、don / dat:给

拉丁词根 don- / dat-(给)来自动词 dare(给)。don- 多出现在 donate、donation;dat- 出现在 data(给出来的东西)、date、mandate 等。核心义是「给予」。

don- / dat- “give”

拉丁 dare(给)→ don-、dat-

  • donate /dəʊˈneɪt/ don- + -ate,给予 → 捐赠。例: Many people donate blood every year.
  • donation /dəʊˈneɪʃn/ donate + -ion,给予物 → 捐赠品、捐款。例: The charity received a large donation from a local business.
  • data /ˈdeɪtə/ dat- + -a(复数),被给予的东西 → 数据、资料。例: We need more data before we can draw a conclusion.
  • date /deɪt/ dat-,原义「给定(的时间)」→ 日期;引申为约会。例: What’s the date today? — It’s the 15th of March.
  • mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ mand-(命令)+ dat,被命令给予的(权力/任务)→ 授权、委任。例: The government has a mandate to improve public health.
  • traitor /ˈtreɪtə/ trad-(tra- 来自 trans-「过」+ dat 的变体),把(秘密)给过去 → 叛徒(字面「交给对方的人」)。例: He was branded a traitor for leaking the plans.
五组词根与例词:拿(cap/cept/ceive)、给(don/dat)、走·让(ced/ceed/cess)、来(ven/vent)、跑(cur/cours)

三、ced / ceed / cess:走、让

拉丁词根 ced-(走、让)来自动词 cēdere。在英语里出现三种拼写:ced-(如 cede)、ceed-(如 succeed、exceed)、cess-(过去分词词干,如 access、process)。都表「走、前进」或「让步、让出」。

ced- / ceed- / cess- “go, yield”

拉丁 cēdere(走、让)→ ced-、ceed-、cess-

  • cede /siːd/ 直接来自词根 → 割让、让步。例: The country was forced to cede the territory to its neighbour.
  • exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/ ex-(出)+ ceed,走出去、超出 → 超过、超越。例: Don’t exceed the speed limit on this road.
  • succeed /səkˈsiːd/ suc-(sub- 下、随后)+ ceed,随后走到 → 成功、继任。例: If you work hard, you will succeed.
  • proceed /prəˈsiːd/ pro-(前)+ ceed,向前走 → 继续进行。例: Please proceed to the next checkpoint.
  • access /ˈækses/ ac-(向)+ cess,走向(某处)→ 接近、进入、使用权。例: Students have access to the library 24 hours a day.
  • process /ˈprəʊses/ pro-(前)+ cess,向前走的过程 → 过程、工序、处理。例: Applying for a visa can be a long process.
  • recess /ˈriːses/ re-(回)+ cess,走回去、退下 → 休息、休会、壁龛。例: The court is in recess until next Monday.
  • succession /səkˈseʃn/ suc- + cess + -ion,一个接一个「走」→ 连续、继任。例: He won the championship three times in succession.

四、ven / vent:来

拉丁词根 ven- / vent-(来)来自动词 venīre。现在时词干 ven-,过去分词等形式 vent-。本义「来到」,引申为「发生、发明、防止」等。

ven- / vent- “come”

拉丁 venīre(来)→ ven-、vent-

  • invent /ɪnˈvent/ in-(入)+ vent,把(新东西)带到世上 → 发明、编造。例: Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
  • event /ɪˈvent/ e-(出)+ vent,出来的事、发生的事 → 事件。例: The concert was the biggest event of the year.
  • prevent /prɪˈvent/ pre-(前)+ vent,在……来到之前拦住 → 防止、阻止。例: Regular exercise can help prevent heart disease.
  • adventure /ədˈventʃə/ ad-(向)+ vent + -ure,向(未知)而来 → 冒险、奇遇。例: Travelling alone can be quite an adventure.
  • venture /ˈventʃə/ vent- + -ure,来到(风险)→ 冒险、风险投资。例: They decided to venture into the unknown forest.
  • convene /kənˈviːn/ con-(一起)+ ven,一起来到 → 召集、开会。例: The committee will convene next week to discuss the report.
  • convention /kənˈvenʃn/ con- + vent + -ion,大家一起来到(的场合/惯例)→ 大会、惯例。例: It’s a convention to shake hands when you meet someone.
  • revenue /ˈrevənjuː/ re-(回)+ ven- + -ue,回到(手里)的 → 收入、税收。例: Tax revenue pays for schools and hospitals.

五、cur / cours:跑

拉丁词根 cur- / cours-(跑)来自动词 currere。现在时词干 cur-,过去分词等形式 cours-。本义「跑、流动」,引申为「进程、发生、当前」等。

cur- / cours- “run”

拉丁 currere(跑)→ cur-、cours-

  • current /ˈkʌrənt/ cur- + -ent,正在跑的 → 当前的、电流、水流。例: What is your current address?
  • course /kɔːs/ cours-,跑过的路径 → 课程、路线、一道菜。例: She is taking a course in Spanish this semester.
  • occur /əˈkɜː/ oc-(ob- 向)+ cur,向……跑过来、碰到 → 发生、想到。例: Accidents can occur when drivers are tired.
  • recur /rɪˈkɜː/ re-(再)+ cur,再跑过来 → 复发、重现。例: The problem has recurred several times this year.
  • cursor /ˈkɜːsə/ curs- + -or,跑动的东西 → 光标、游标。例: Move the cursor to the top of the page and click.
  • excursion /ɪkˈskɜːʃn/ ex-(出)+ curs + -ion,跑出去 → 短途旅行、远足。例: We went on an excursion to the mountains last weekend.
  • discourse /ˈdɪskɔːs/ dis-(分开、各处)+ cours,话「跑」来跑去 → 论述、话语。例: The article analyses the discourse on climate change.
  • courier /ˈkʊriə/ cour-(curs 变体)+ -ier,跑腿的人 → 快递员、信使。例: The courier delivered the package this morning.

一词多形:ced / ceed / cess

同一拉丁动词 cēdere(走、让)在英语里保留三种拼写:ced- 多用于「让出」(cede 割让);ceed- 只出现在少数词中(succeed、exceed、proceed);cess- 为过去分词词干,多用于名词或与名词相关的词(access、process、recess、succession)。遇到「走、前进、让」义且发音类似 /sɛs/ 或 /siːd/ 时,可优先想到这组词根。

六、小结与下一步

本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:cap/cept/ceive(拿、取)→ capture、accept、receive、conceive、perceive、deceive、except、concept、capacity;don/dat(给)→ donate、donation、data、date、mandate;ced/ceed/cess(走、让)→ cede、exceed、succeed、proceed、access、process、recess、succession;ven/vent(来)→ invent、event、prevent、adventure、venture、convene、convention、revenue;cur/cours(跑)→ current、course、occur、recur、cursor、excursion、discourse、courier。下一章我们会学习「连接、弯曲、拉与推」:junct/jugflex/flecttractpel/pulstend/tens