拉丁词根(十三):流、沉、船与戏
一、flu / flux:流
拉丁词根 flu- / flux-(流)来自动词 fluere。现在时词干 flu-,过去分词等形式 flux-。本义「流动」,引申为「流畅、影响、泛滥」等。
flu- / flux- “flow”
- fluid /ˈfluːɪd/ flu- + -id,能流动的 → 流体;灵活的。例: Drink plenty of fluids when you have a fever.
- fluent /ˈfluːənt/ flu- + -ent,话「流」得顺的 → 流利的。例: She is fluent in three languages.
- influence /ˈɪnfluəns/ in-(入)+ flu- + -ence,流入(产生影响)→ 影响。例: Her teacher had a great influence on her career.
- flux /flʌks/ 直接来自词根 → 流动、变化不定。例: The situation is in flux and may change at any time.
- affluent /ˈæfluənt/ af-(ad- 向)+ flu- + -ent,财富「流」向的 → 富裕的。例: They live in an affluent neighbourhood.
- superfluous /suːˈpɜːfluəs/ super-(上、过)+ flu- + -ous,流得过多的 → 多余的。例: The last paragraph was superfluous and could be cut.
二、merg:沉
拉丁词根 merg-(沉、浸)来自动词 mergere。在英语里多为 merg- 或 mers-(过去分词)。本义「沉入、浸入」,引申为「合并、浮现」。
merg- / mers- “dip, sink”
- merge /mɜːdʒ/ 沉入彼此、合为一体 → 合并、融合。例: The two companies will merge next year.
- emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ e-(出)+ merg,从(水中/暗中)浮出 → 浮现、出现。例: New evidence emerged during the trial.
- submerge /səbˈmɜːdʒ/ sub-(下)+ merg,沉到下面 → 淹没、潜入水中。例: The flood submerged the entire village.
- immerse /ɪˈmɜːs/ im-(入)+ mers,浸入 → 使浸没、使沉浸于。例: She immersed herself in the local culture.
三、nav:船
拉丁词根 nav-(船)来自名词 nāvis。在英语里多为 nav-。本义「船」,引申为「航行、海军」等。
nav- “ship”
- navigate /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ nav- + -ig-(驱动)+ -ate,驾船(前行)→ 导航、航行。例: It is difficult to navigate the streets without a map.
- navy /ˈneɪvi/ nav- + -y,船队 → 海军。例: He joined the navy at the age of eighteen.
- naval /ˈneɪvl/ nav- + -al,与船/海军有关的 → 海军的。例: The naval base is located on the coast.
- astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/ astro-(星)+ naut(nav 变体,航海者),星际「航海者」→ 宇航员。例: The astronaut spent six months in space.
四、lud / lus:玩、戏
拉丁词根 lud- / lus-(玩、戏)来自动词 ludere。现在时词干 lud-,过去分词等形式 lus-。本义「玩耍、演戏」,引申为「幻觉、欺骗、荒谬」等。
lud- / lus- “play, game”
- illusion /ɪˈluːʒn/ il-(in- 入)+ lus + -ion,被「戏」进去的假象 → 幻觉、错觉。例: The mirror creates an illusion of more space.
- delude /dɪˈluːd/ de-(离)+ lud,用戏把(人)带离真相 → 欺骗、迷惑。例: Don’t delude yourself—the situation is serious.
- ludicrous /ˈluːdɪkrəs/ lud- + -icrous,像闹剧一样的 → 荒谬的、可笑的。例: The idea was so ludicrous that nobody took it seriously.
- prelude /ˈpreljuːd/ pre-(前)+ lud,在(正戏)前「玩」的 → 前奏、序幕。例: The incident was a prelude to the war.
- collusion /kəˈluːʒn/ col-(一起)+ lus + -ion,一起「演戏」→ 串通、共谋。例: The two firms were accused of collusion.
五、vac:空
拉丁词根 vac-(空)来自形容词 vacuus、动词 vacāre(空着、空闲)。在英语里多为 vac-。本义「空、空闲」,引申为「真空、撤离、休假」等。
vac- “empty, free”
- vacant /ˈveɪkənt/ vac- + -ant,空着的 → 空的、空缺的。例: The position has been vacant for three months.
- vacuum /ˈvækjuəm/ vac- + -uum,空(的状态)→ 真空;吸尘器。例: Nature abhors a vacuum.
- evacuate /ɪˈvækjueɪt/ e-(出)+ vac + -uate,使空出来(让人离开)→ 疏散、撤离。例: The building was evacuated after the fire alarm.
- vacation /veɪˈkeɪʃn/ vac- + -ation,空(闲)的时段 → 假期。例: We are going to the mountains for our vacation.
- vacuous /ˈvækjuəs/ vac- + -uous,空的 → 空洞的、无意义的。例: He gave a vacuous smile and said nothing.
merge 与 emerge
Merge 强调「合为一体」:两公司 merge 即合并。 Emerge 强调「从某处浮现、出现」:evidence emerged 证据浮现;emerge from the water 从水中冒出。两者都含 merg(沉),merge 是「沉入彼此」,emerge 是「从沉没处出来」。
六、小结与下一步
本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:flu/flux(流)→ fluid、fluent、influence、flux、affluent、superfluous;merg(沉)→ merge、emerge、submerge、immerse;nav(船)→ navigate、navy、naval、astronaut;lud/lus(玩、戏)→ illusion、delude、ludicrous、prelude、collusion;vac(空)→ vacant、vacuum、evacuate、vacation、vacuous。下一章我们会学习「光、夜、手与足」:luc/lum、nox/noct、manu、ped。