拉丁词根(二十八):推、驱、送与信

推、驱、送、信。 本章五组词根对应「推动与信任」:pel/puls(推)→ compel /kəmˈpel/repel /rɪˈpel/trud/trus(推)→ intrude /ɪnˈtruːd/extrude /ɪkˈstruːd/mit/miss(送)→ commit /kəˈmɪt/mission /ˈmɪʃn/cred(信)→ credit /ˈkredɪt/credible /ˈkredəbl/fid(信)→ confident /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/fidelity /fɪˈdeləti/。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示,便于在阅读中识别 compel、intrude、commit、credit、confident 等同族词。

一、pel / puls:推、驱

拉丁词根 pel- / puls-(推、驱)来自动词 pellere(推、驱赶)。在英语里多为 pel-(动词词干)或 puls-(完成词干)。本义「推、驱」,引申为「迫使、排斥、冲动」等。

pel- / puls- “push, drive”

拉丁 pellere(推、驱)→ pel-、puls-

  • compel /kəmˈpel/ com-(加强)+ pel,一起推(迫使)→ 强迫、迫使。例: The law compels employers to provide safe working conditions.
  • repel /rɪˈpel/ re-(回)+ pel,推回去 → 击退、使厌恶。例: The army repelled the enemy attack.
  • impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ im-(in- 入)+ puls- + -e,推入(的力)→ 冲动、脉冲。例: She bought the dress on impulse.
  • pulse /pʌls/ puls- + -e,推(动)→ 脉搏、脉冲。例: His pulse was racing after the run.
  • expel /ɪkˈspel/ ex-(出)+ pel,推出去 → 驱逐、开除。例: He was expelled from school for fighting.

二、trud / trus:推、挤

拉丁词根 trud- / trus-(推、挤)来自动词 trūdere(推、 thrust)。在英语里多为 trud-trus-。本义「推入、挤出」,与 intrude、extrude 同族。

trud- / trus- “push, thrust”

拉丁 trūdere(推)→ trud-、trus-

  • intrude /ɪnˈtruːd/ in-(入)+ trud- + -e,推入(不该进的地方)→ 闯入、侵扰。例: I hope I am not intruding on your privacy.
  • intrusion /ɪnˈtruːʒn/ intrude + -ion,闯入(的行为)→ 侵入、打扰。例: The building was an intrusion on the landscape.
  • extrude /ɪkˈstruːd/ ex-(出)+ trud- + -e,推出去 → 挤出、突出。例: The machine extrudes plastic into long strips.
  • protrude /prəˈtruːd/ pro-(向前)+ trud- + -e,向前推(出)→ 突出、伸出。例: A nail was protruding from the board.
五组词根与例词:推(pel/puls)、推(trud/trus)、送(mit/miss)、信(cred)、信(fid)

三、mit / miss:送

拉丁词根 mit- / miss-(送)来自动词 mittere(送、派)。在英语里多为 mit-(动词词干)或 miss-(完成词干)。本义「送、派、投」,引申为「委托、发射、放过」等。

mit- / miss- “send”

拉丁 mittere(送)→ mit-、miss-

  • commit /kəˈmɪt/ com-(一起)+ mit,送在一起(托付)→ 犯(罪)、承诺、提交。例: He committed himself to the project.
  • mission /ˈmɪʃn/ miss- + -ion,被派(的任务)→ 使命、代表团。例: The mission was to rescue the hostages.
  • transmit /trænsˈmɪt/ trans-( across)+ mit,送过去 → 传输、传播。例: The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes.
  • emit /ɪˈmɪt/ e-(出)+ mit,送出去 → 发出、散发。例: The chimney was emitting black smoke.
  • dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ dis-( apart)+ miss,送开 → 解散、解雇、不予考虑。例: The manager dismissed the idea as impractical.

四、cred:信

拉丁词根 cred-(信)来自动词 crēdere(相信)。在英语里多为 cred-。本义「相信」,引申为「信用、可信」等。

cred- “believe, trust”

拉丁 crēdere(相信)→ cred-

  • credit /ˈkredɪt/ cred- + -it,被相信(的资格/账款)→ 信用、学分、功劳。例: She got full credit for the project.
  • credible /ˈkredəbl/ cred- + -ible,可信的 → 可信的。例: He gave a credible explanation for his absence.
  • incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/ in-(不)+ credible,不可信的 → 难以置信的、极好的。例: The view from the top was incredible.
  • creed /kriːd/ cred- 的变体,所相信的(信条)→ 信条、教义。例: Freedom of speech is part of our political creed.

五、fid:信、忠

拉丁词根 fid-(信、忠)来自名词 fidēs(信任、忠诚)。在英语里多为 fid-。本义「信任、忠诚」,与 confident、fidelity 同族。

fid- “trust, faith”

拉丁 fidēs(信任)→ fid-

  • confident /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ con-(加强)+ fid- + -ent,充满信任的(对自己)→ 自信的。例: She was confident that she would pass the exam.
  • fidelity /fɪˈdeləti/ fid- + -el- + -ity,忠诚(的状态)→ 忠诚、保真度。例: He was admired for his fidelity to his principles.
  • confide /kənˈfaɪd/ con- + fid- + -e,托付信任 → 吐露(秘密)、信赖。例: She confided her worries to her best friend.
  • affidavit /ˌæfɪˈdeɪvɪt/ af-(ad- 向)+ fid- + -avit,已(宣誓)信任的 → 宣誓书、书面证词。例: He signed an affidavit stating the facts.

cred(信)vs fid(信)

cred- 来自 crēdere(相信),多与「可信、信用、信条」相关 → credit、credible、incredible、creed。fid- 来自 fidēs(信任、忠诚),多与「自信、忠诚、信赖」相关 → confident、fidelity、confide、affidavit。二者都表「信」,cred 偏「相信、可信」,fid 偏「信任、忠诚」。

六、小结与下一步

本章介绍了五组词根:pel/puls(推、驱)→ compel、repel、impulse、pulse、expel;trud/trus(推、挤)→ intrude、intrusion、extrude、protrude;mit/miss(送)→ commit、mission、transmit、emit、dismiss;cred(信)→ credit、credible、incredible、creed;fid(信、忠)→ confident、fidelity、confide、affidavit。下一章我们会学习「锐、酸、高、大与年龄」:acer/acriacet/acidacu/acutaltamplaev/ev