拉丁词根(二十七):拉、引、画与写

拉、引、画、写。 本章五组词根对应「拉引与书写」的再巩固:tract/trah(拉)→ attract /əˈtrækt/extract /ɪkˈstrækt/draw(拉、引)→ draw /drɔː/withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/pict(画)→ picture /ˈpɪktʃə/depict /dɪˈpɪkt/scrib/script(写)→ describe /dɪˈskraɪb/script /skrɪpt/。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示,便于在阅读中识别 attract、picture、describe 等同族词。

一、tract / trah:拉、引

拉丁词根 tract- / trah-(拉)来自动词 trahere(拉、拖)。完成词干为 tract-,现在词干为 trah-。第七章已介绍 tract,此处再巩固并补充 trah 族词。

tract- / trah- “pull, draw”

拉丁 trahere(拉)→ tract-、trah-

  • attract /əˈtrækt/ at-(ad- 向)+ tract,拉向(自己)→ 吸引。例: The bright colours attract insects.
  • extract /ɪkˈstrækt/ ex-(出)+ tract,拉出来 → 提取、摘录。例: We need to extract the key information from the report.
  • contract /kənˈtrækt/ con-(一起)+ tract,拉在一起 → 收缩;订约。名词 /ˈkɒntrækt/ 合同。例: Metal contracts when it cools.
  • subtract /səbˈtrækt/ sub-(下)+ tract,拉下去(去掉)→ 减、减去。例: Subtract 5 from 10 and you get 5.
  • abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ abs-(ab- away)+ tract,拉离开(具体)→ 抽象的;摘要。例: Love is an abstract concept.
  • tractor /ˈtræktə/ tract- + -or,拉(东西)的机器 → 拖拉机。例: The farmer used a tractor to plough the field.

二、draw:拉、引(日耳曼源)

词根 draw-(拉、引)来自古英语 dragan(拉、拖),与拉丁 tract 义近。在英语里多为 draw-drew-drawn-

draw- “pull, drag” (Germanic)

古英语 dragan(拉)→ draw-

  • draw /drɔː/ 拉、拖 → 拉、画、抽(签)、吸引。例: She drew a picture of the house.
  • withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ with-( back)+ draw,拉回 → 撤回、取回、退出。例: He decided to withdraw from the race.
  • drawer /drɔːə/ draw + -er,被拉(开)的 → 抽屉。例: The keys are in the top drawer.
五组词根与例词:拉(tract/trah)、拉·引(draw)、画(pict)、写(scrib/script)

三、pict:画

拉丁词根 pict-(画)来自动词 pingere(画、涂)的完成词干。在英语里多为 pict-。本义「画、描绘」。

pict- “paint, picture”

拉丁 pingere(画)→ pict-

  • picture /ˈpɪktʃə/ pict- + -ure,画出的(东西)→ 图画、照片;想象。例: She put the picture on the wall.
  • depict /dɪˈpɪkt/ de-(下、出)+ pict,画出来 → 描绘、描述。例: The novel depicts life in the nineteenth century.
  • pictorial /pɪkˈtɔːriəl/ pict- + -orial,与画有关的 → 图画的、有图的。例: The book has a strong pictorial element.
  • picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/ picture + -esque,如画一般的 → 风景如画的。例: They stayed in a picturesque village by the sea.

四、scrib / script:写(再巩固)

拉丁词根 scrib- / script-(写)来自动词 scrībere(写)。在英语里多为 scrib-(动词)或 script-(完成词干)。本义「写」,与 describe、script 同族。

scrib- / script- “write”

拉丁 scrībere(写)→ scrib-、script-

  • describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ de-(下、出)+ scrib- + -e,写下来 → 描述。例: Can you describe what happened?
  • script /skrɪpt/ script-,写出的(文本)→ 剧本、笔迹、脚本。例: The actors learned the script by heart.
  • manuscript /ˈmænjuskrɪpt/ manu-(手)+ script,手写的 → 手稿。例: The manuscript was discovered in a library.
  • prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ pre-(前)+ scrib- + -e,事先写好(规定)→ 开(处方)、规定。例: The doctor prescribed rest and fluids.
  • subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ sub-(下)+ scrib- + -e,在下面写上(签名)→ 订阅、同意。例: I subscribe to several magazines.

tract(拉)vs draw(拉)

tract- 来自拉丁 trahere,多出现在借词中:attract、extract、contract、subtract、abstract。draw 来自古英语 dragan,为日耳曼语族本族词:draw、withdraw、drawer。二者义近(拉、引),一为拉丁系一为日耳曼系。

五、小结与下一步

本章再巩固了五组词根:tract/trah(拉)→ attract、extract、contract、subtract、abstract、tractor;draw(拉、引)→ draw、withdraw、drawer;pict(画)→ picture、depict、pictorial、picturesque;scrib/script(写)→ describe、script、manuscript、prescribe、subscribe。下一章我们会学习「推、驱、送与信」:pel/pulstrud/trusmit/misscredfid