拉丁词根(三十二):生长、满与填
一、cresc / cret:长
拉丁词根 cresc- / cret-(长)来自动词 crēscere(生长、增大)。本义「生长、增加」,引申为「新月(逐渐长大)、具体(长在一起)、招募(使力量增长)」等。
cresc- / cret- “grow”
- crescent /ˈkresnt/ cresc- + -ent,正在生长的(月)→ 新月;新月形的。例: A crescent moon hung over the harbour.
- increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ in-( into)+ creas(cresc 变体)+ -e,使向里长 → 增加、增长。例: Sales have increased by 20%.
- decrease /dɪˈkriːs/ de-( down)+ creas- + -e,向下长(缩减)→ 减少。例: The temperature decreased overnight.
- accrete /əˈkriːt/ ac-(ad-, to)+ cret- + -e,长到(一起)→ 附着增长、累积。例: Dust had accreted on the old books.
- concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ con-( together)+ cret- + -e,长在一起(凝固)→ 具体的;混凝土。例: We need concrete evidence.
- crescendo /krɪˈʃendəʊ/ cresc- + -endo(进行中),逐渐增长 → 渐强;高潮。例: The music built to a crescendo.
- excrescence /ɪkˈskresns/ ex-( out)+ cresc- + -ence,长出来(的赘物)→ 赘生物、多余物。例: The tumour was removed as an excrescence.
- recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ re-( again)+ cresc 变体,使(力量)再增长 → 招募、新兵。例: The army is recruiting new soldiers.
二、plen:满
拉丁词根 plēn-(满)来自形容词 plēnus(满的)。本义「满」,引申为「充足、全体、再装满」等。
plen- “full”
- plenty /ˈplenti/ plen- + -ty,满(的状态)→ 充足、大量。例: There is plenty of time.
- plenary /ˈpliːnəri/ plen- + -ary,满的(全体出席)→ 全体会议;完全的。例: A plenary session was held in the hall.
- plenitude /ˈplenɪtjuːd/ plen- + -itude,满(的程度)→ 丰富、充足。例: The region has a plenitude of natural resources.
- plenteous /ˈplentiəs/ plen- + -teous,满的 → 丰富的、充足的。例: The harvest was plenteous this year.
- replenish /rɪˈplenɪʃ/ re-( again)+ plen- + -ish,再次装满 → 补充、重新装满。例: We need to replenish our supplies.
- plenipotentiary /ˌplenɪpəˈtenʃəri/ pleni-(满)+ potent(权)+ -iary,权力满的(人)→ 全权代表。例: He was appointed plenipotentiary to the conference.
- plenum /ˈpliːnəm/ plen- + -um,满(的全体)→ 全体会议;充满物质的空间。例: The plenum passed the resolution.
三、ple / plet:填
拉丁词根 plē- / plet-(填)来自动词 plēre(填满)。本义「填满」,引申为「补充、充满、耗尽、过剩」等。
ple- / plet- “fill”
- supplement /ˈsʌplɪmənt/ sub-( under,从下填)+ ple- + -ment,填在下面(补足)→ 补充、增刊。例: Vitamin D can supplement your diet.
- complement /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ com-( with)+ ple- + -ment,与…一起填满 → 补充、补足;补语。例: Wine is a good complement to cheese.
- implement /ˈɪmplɪmənt/ im-(in-, in)+ ple- + -ment,填进去(落实)→ 实施、工具。例: The policy was implemented last year.
- replete /rɪˈpliːt/ re-( fully)+ plet- + -e,被填满 → 充满的、饱足的。例: The report is replete with errors.
- deplete /dɪˈpliːt/ de-( away)+ plet- + -e,把填的倒空 → 耗尽、减少。例: Overfishing has depleted the stocks.
- plethora /ˈpleθərə/ ple-(满)+ 希腊 -thora,过满 → 过多、过剩。例: There is a plethora of options.
- supply /səˈplaɪ/ sub- + ply(ple 变体),从下填(供)→ 供应、供给。例: The pipeline supplies water to the city.
- expletive /ɪkˈspliːtɪv/ ex-( out)+ plet- + -ive,填出去(的废话)→ 咒骂语;填充词。例: He muttered an expletive under his breath.
四、compl:满、成
拉丁 complēre(com- + plēre)意为「填满、完成」。词根 compl- 即「完全填满」,引申为「完成、顺从(满足要求)、讨好」等。
compl- “fill fully, complete”
- complete /kəmˈpliːt/ compl- + -ete,完全填满 → 完成、完整的。例: Please complete the form.
- complement /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ com- + ple- + -ment,与…一起填满 → 补足、补语;(数学)余角。例: The sauce is a perfect complement to the fish.
- comply /kəmˈplaɪ/ com- + ply(填满),满足(要求)→ 遵从、服从。例: You must comply with the rules.
- compliant /kəmˈplaɪənt/ comply + -ant,顺从的 → 服从的、顺从的。例: The device is compliant with safety standards.
- complacent /kəmˈpleɪsnt/ com- + plac-(取悦)+ -ent,自我满足的 → 自满的、懈怠的。例: We cannot afford to be complacent.
- complaisant /kəmˈpleɪznt/ com- + plais-(取悦)+ -ant,讨好的 → 殷勤的、顺从的。例: He was complaisant toward his guests.
- compliment /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ com- + pli-(填满,满足)+ -ment,用言语填满(对方)→ 恭维、称赞。例: She paid him a compliment on his speech.
complement vs compliment
Complement(补足、补语):与…一起「填满」、使完整,如 The wine complements the meal. Compliment(恭维、称赞):用言语「填满」对方的心,表示赞美,如 She gave him a compliment. 记:complement 有 e(= complete);compliment 有 i(= say something nice)。
五、小结与下一步
本章按「长—满—填—成」串联四组词根:cresc/cret(长)→ crescent、increase、decrease、accrete、concrete、crescendo、excrescence、recruit;plen(满)→ plenty、plenary、plenitude、plenteous、replenish、plenipotentiary、plenum;ple/plet(填)→ supplement、complement、implement、replete、deplete、plethora、supply、expletive;compl(满、成)→ complete、complement、comply、compliant、complacent、complaisant、compliment。下一章我们会学习「悬、称量与寻求」:pend/pens、pet、quaer/ques/quit、rog。