拉丁词根(三十三):悬、称量与寻求
一、pend / pens:悬、称
拉丁词根 pend- / pens- 来自动词 pendere(悬挂;称量)。本义「悬、挂」与「称量」(悬在天平上),引申为「依赖、悬而未决、花费、补偿」等。
pend- / pens- “hang, weigh”
- pendulum /ˈpendjələm/ pend- + -ulum(工具),悬挂(之物)→ 摆、钟摆。例: The pendulum swung back and forth.
- depend /dɪˈpend/ de-( down)+ pend,悬于…之下 → 依赖、取决于。例: Success depends on effort.
- suspend /səˈspend/ sub-( under)+ pend,悬在下面 → 悬挂;暂停。例: They decided to suspend the project.
- append /əˈpend/ ap-(ad-, to)+ pend,挂到…上 → 附加、追加。例: Please append your signature to the document.
- expend /ɪkˈspend/ ex-( out)+ pend,称出去(付出)→ 花费、消耗。例: They expended great effort on the task.
- compensate /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/ com-( together)+ pens- + -ate,一起称(平衡)→ 补偿、抵消。例: Nothing can compensate for the loss.
- dispense /dɪˈspens/ dis-( apart)+ pens- + -e,称出去(分配)→ 分配、配药。例: Pharmacists dispense medicines.
- suspense /səˈspens/ sus-( sub-)+ pens- + -e,悬着(的状态)→ 悬念、悬而未决。例: The film kept us in suspense until the end.
- pension /ˈpenʃn/ pens- + -ion,称量付给(的款)→ 养老金、津贴。例: He lives on a state pension.
二、pet:求、趋
拉丁词根 pet- 来自动词 petere(冲向、寻求)。本义「追求、趋近」,引申为「请求、竞争、欲望、重复」等。
pet- “seek, strive toward”
- petition /pəˈtɪʃn/ pet- + -ition,寻求(的文书)→ 请愿书;请求。例: They signed a petition to save the park.
- compete /kəmˈpiːt/ com-( together)+ pet- + -e,一起追求(同一目标)→ 竞争。例: Athletes compete for the gold medal.
- appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ ap-(ad-, toward)+ pet- + -ite,趋近(的欲望)→ 食欲、欲望。例: Exercise can increase your appetite.
- impetus /ˈɪmpɪtəs/ im-(in-, toward)+ pet- + -us,冲进去(的力)→ 动力、推动。例: The report gave impetus to reform.
- perpetuate /pəˈpetʃueɪt/ per-( through)+ pet- + -uate,使一直追求下去 → 使永久化、延续。例: The myth was perpetuated by the media.
- petulant /ˈpetjələnt/ pet- + -ulant,急于求成(的)→ 急躁的、任性的。例: He gave a petulant reply.
- repetition /ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/ re-( again)+ pet- + -ition,再次追求(到)→ 重复。例: Repetition helps memory.
- competent /ˈkɒmpɪtənt/ com- + pet- + -ent,能一起追求(目标)的 → 有能力的、胜任的。例: She is a competent manager.
三、quaer / ques / quit:寻、问
拉丁词根 quaer- / ques- / quit- 来自动词 quaerere(寻找、询问)。本义「寻、问」,引申为「要求、获得、征服、精美」等。
quaer- / ques- / quit- “seek, ask”
- query /ˈkwɪəri/ quer-(quaer-)+ -y,询问 → 疑问;查询。例: If you have any query, contact support.
- quest /kwest/ ques- + -t,寻找(的行为)→ 探索、追求。例: They set out on a quest for the truth.
- question /ˈkwestʃən/ ques- + -tion,被问的(事)→ 问题。例: Answer the question briefly.
- inquire /ɪnˈkwaɪə/ in-( into)+ quir-(quaer-)+ -e,向里寻/问 → 询问、调查。例: I will inquire about the schedule.
- require /rɪˈkwaɪə/ re-( back,反复)+ quir- + -e,反复寻求 → 要求、需要。例: The job requires experience.
- acquire /əˈkwaɪə/ ac-(ad-, to)+ quir- + -e,寻求到 → 获得、习得。例: She acquired a taste for jazz.
- conquer /ˈkɒŋkə/ con-( with)+ quer-(quaer-),全力寻求(到手)→ 征服、攻克。例: The army conquered the region.
- exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪzɪt/ ex-( out)+ quis-(quit-)+ -ite,寻出来的(精选)→ 精美的、极致的。例: She has exquisite taste.
- request /rɪˈkwest/ re- + quest,再次寻求 → 请求、要求。例: He made a request for help.
四、rog:问、求
拉丁词根 rog- 来自动词 rogāre(问、请求)。本义「问、请求」,引申为「审问、特权、替代、傲慢、废除」等。
rog- “ask, request”
- interrogate /ɪnˈterəɡeɪt/ inter-( between)+ rog- + -ate,在中间问(盘问)→ 审问、质问。例: The suspect was interrogated by police.
- prerogative /prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/ pre-( before)+ rog- + -ative,事先被请求(的特权)→ 特权、优先权。例: It is the manager's prerogative to decide.
- surrogate /ˈsʌrəɡət/ sub-( under,代替)+ rog- + -ate,被请求代替(的)→ 替代者、代用品。例: She acted as a surrogate for the absent member.
- arrogant /ˈærəɡənt/ ar-(ad-, to)+ rog- + -ant,向(自己)请求(自封)→ 傲慢的。例: He was arrogant about his success.
- derogatory /dɪˈrɒɡətəri/ de-( down)+ rog- + -atory,问下去(贬低)→ 贬义的、侮辱性的。例: The term has a derogatory connotation.
- abrogate /ˈæbrəɡeɪt/ ab-( away)+ rog- + -ate,问掉(取消)→ 废除、取消。例: The treaty was abrogated by the new government.
- prorogue /prəʊˈrəʊɡ/ pro-( forward)+ rog- + -ue,向前问(延后)→ 休会、延期。例: Parliament was prorogued until September.
inquire vs require
Inquire(询问、调查):主动去「问」、去查,如 inquire about the price. Require(要求、需要):某事物「被反复寻求」即必需,如 The job requires skills. 记:in-quire = 问进去;re-quire = 再寻求 = 需要。
五、小结与下一步
本章按「悬—称—求—问」串联四组词根:pend/pens(悬、称)→ pendulum、depend、suspend、append、expend、compensate、dispense、suspense、pension;pet(求)→ petition、compete、appetite、impetus、perpetuate、petulant、repetition、competent;quaer/ques/quit(寻、问)→ query、quest、question、inquire、require、acquire、conquer、exquisite、request;rog(问、求)→ interrogate、prerogative、surrogate、arrogant、derogatory、abrogate、prorogue。下一章我们会学习「跟随、顺序与联结」:sequ/secut、ser/sert、ordin。