拉丁词根(三十四):跟随、顺序与联结

从「跟随」到「联结」:顺序与接续一图通。 本章用四组拉丁词根串起「随→联→序→接」:sequ/secut(随)→ sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv/execute /ˈeksɪkjuːt/ser/sert(联、接)→ series /ˈsɪəriːz/insert /ɪnˈsɜːt/ordin(序)→ order /ˈɔːdə/subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪnət/junct(接,巩固)→ junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附概念图与词根总览图。
本章逻辑: 随(sequ)→ 联(ser)→ 序(ordin)→ 接(junct)。记「随—联—序—接」:sequ 是「跟随、接续」;ser/sert 是「连接、加入」;ordin 是「顺序、排列」;junct 是「连接」(与第七章 junct 巩固)。从时间上的「跟」与「序」,到空间上的「联」与「接」,一气呵成。
Concept map: follow (sequ) → join (ser) → order (ordin) → join (junct). Dots suggest sequence; centre node suggests junction.

一、sequ / secut:随

拉丁词根 sequ- / secut- 来自动词 sequī(跟随)。本义「跟随、接续」,引申为「顺序、结果、执行、追求」等。

sequ- / secut- “follow”

拉丁 sequī(跟随)→ sequ-、secut-(过去分词词干)

  • sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ sequ- + -ence,跟随(而成的次序)→ 顺序、序列。例: Please complete the tasks in sequence.
  • consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv/ con-( together)+ secut- + -ive,一起跟随的 → 连续的。例: It rained for five consecutive days.
  • consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ con- + sequ- + -ence,跟随(而来)→ 结果、后果。例: He accepted the consequences of his actions.
  • subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ sub-( under,紧接)+ sequ- + -ent,跟随在下的 → 随后的。例: Subsequent events proved him right.
  • execute /ˈeksɪkjuːt/ ex-( out)+ secut- + -e,跟随到底(实施)→ 执行、处决。例: The plan was executed successfully.
  • persecute /ˈpɜːsɪkjuːt/ per-( through,彻底)+ secut- + -e,跟随到底(追害)→ 迫害。例: They were persecuted for their beliefs.
  • pursue /pəˈsjuː/ pur-(pro-, forward)+ sue(sequ-),向前跟随 → 追求、追赶。例: She decided to pursue a career in law.
  • suit /suːt/ suit(sequ- 变体),跟随(相配)→ 适合;套装;诉讼(跟随程序)。例: Red suits you.
  • ensue /ɪnˈsjuː/ en-(in-)+ sue(sequ-),跟随而入 → 接着发生。例: Chaos ensued after the announcement.

二、ser / sert:联、接

拉丁词根 ser- / sert- 来自动词 serere(连接、编织)。本义「连接、加入」,引申为「系列、插入、断言、抛弃」等。

ser- / sert- “join, bind”

拉丁 serere(连接)→ ser-、sert-

  • series /ˈsɪəriːz/ ser- + -ies,连接在一起(的)→ 系列、连续。例: A new series of lectures will start next week.
  • serial /ˈsɪəriəl/ ser- + -ial,连接的 → 连续的、连载的。例: She reads serial novels in the magazine.
  • insert /ɪnˈsɜːt/ in-( into)+ sert,接进去 → 插入、嵌入。例: Insert the key into the lock.
  • assert /əˈsɜːt/ as-(ad-, to)+ sert,接到(自己)身上 → 断言、主张。例: He asserted his right to speak.
  • desert /dɪˈzɜːt/ de-( apart)+ sert,断开连接(离开)→ 抛弃、擅离。(名词 desert 沙漠来自另一词源。)例: He deserted his family.
  • exert /ɪɡˈzɜːt/ ex-( out)+ sert,接出去(使出)→ 运用、施加。例: She exerted all her strength.
  • dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn/ dis-( apart)+ sert- + -ation,把(论点)接出来 → 论文、论述。例: He is writing his doctoral dissertation.
  • reassert /ˌriːəˈsɜːt/ re-( again)+ assert,再次断言 → 重申、再主张。例: The leader reasserted his authority.
Four roots and example words (animated links).

三、ordin:序

拉丁词根 ordin- 来自名词 ōrdō(顺序、行列)。本义「顺序、秩序」,引申为「命令、等级、普通、协调」等。

ordin- “order, row”

拉丁 ōrdō(顺序)、ōrdinis → ordin-

  • order /ˈɔːdə/ ordin- 变体 → 顺序;命令;订购。例: Keep the files in order.
  • ordinal /ˈɔːdɪnl/ ordin- + -al,顺序的 → 序数的(first, second…)。例: "First" is an ordinal number.
  • coordinate /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/ co-( together)+ ordin- + -ate,使同序 → 协调;坐标。例: We need to coordinate our efforts.
  • subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪnət/ sub-( under)+ ordin- + -ate,在顺序之下的 → 下级的、从属的。例: He has several subordinate officers.
  • ordinance /ˈɔːdɪnəns/ ordin- + -ance,规定顺序(的法)→ 法令、条例。例: The city passed an ordinance on noise.
  • ordinary /ˈɔːdnri/ ordin- + -ary,按顺序的(常规)→ 普通的、平常的。例: It was an ordinary day.
  • extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/ extra-( outside)+ ordinary,顺序之外的 → 非凡的、特别的。例: She showed extraordinary courage.
  • inordinate /ɪnˈɔːdɪnət/ in-( not)+ ordin- + -ate,无顺序的(过度)→ 过度的、无节制的。例: He spent an inordinate amount of time online.

四、junct:接(巩固)

拉丁词根 junct- 来自 jungere(连接)的过去分词 iūnctus。第七章已讲「连接」义,此处巩固:junction、conjunction、injunction、juncture 等。

junct- “join” (review, see Ch.7)

拉丁 iungere(连接)→ iūnct- / junct-

  • junction /ˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ junct- + -ion,连接(处)→ 交叉点、枢纽。例: Turn left at the junction.
  • adjunct /ˈædʒʌŋkt/ ad-( to)+ junct,接到…上 → 附属物;兼职教师。例: He works as an adjunct professor.
  • conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ con-( together)+ junct- + -ion,连接在一起 → 连接;连词。例: The project was done in conjunction with the university.
  • disjunct /dɪsˈdʒʌŋkt/ dis-( apart)+ junct,分开接的 → 分离的、不连贯的。例: The narrative is deliberately disjunct.
  • injunction /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ in-( on)+ junct- + -ion,接上去(的命令)→ 禁令、强制令。例: The court issued an injunction.
  • subjunctive /səbˈdʒʌŋktɪv/ sub-( under)+ junct- + -ive,接在(陈述)之下的(语气)→ 虚拟语气。例: "If I were" uses the subjunctive.
  • juncture /ˈdʒʌŋktʃə/ junct- + -ure,连接(的时刻/点)→ 关头、接合点。例: At this juncture we must decide.

consequence vs subsequent

Consequence(结果、后果):跟随某事「而来」的结局,强调因果关系,如 face the consequences. Subsequent(随后的):仅指时间上「紧接着」的,不强调因果,如 subsequent meetings. 记:consequence = 结果;subsequent = 后来的。

五、小结与下一步

本章按「随—联—序—接」串联四组词根:sequ/secut(随)→ sequence、consecutive、consequence、subsequent、execute、persecute、pursue、suit、ensue;ser/sert(联、接)→ series、serial、insert、assert、desert、exert、dissertation、reassert;ordin(序)→ order、ordinal、coordinate、subordinate、ordinance、ordinary、extraordinary、inordinate;junct(接,巩固)→ junction、adjunct、conjunction、disjunct、injunction、subjunctive、juncture。下一章我们会学习「呼、喊、问与请求」:clam/claimvoc/vok 巩固、precrog