拉丁词根(三十五):呼、喊、问与请求
一、clam / claim:呼、喊
拉丁词根 clam- / claim- 来自动词 clāmāre(大声喊)。本义「呼喊、声称」,引申为「宣告、欢呼、要求」等。
clam- / claim- “cry out, shout”
- exclaim /ɪkˈskleɪm/ ex-( out)+ claim,喊出来 → 惊叫、大声说。例: She exclaimed in delight.
- proclaim /prəˈkleɪm/ pro-( forward)+ claim,向前喊 → 宣告、声明。例: The government proclaimed a state of emergency.
- acclaim /əˈkleɪm/ ac-(ad-, to)+ claim,向…喊(喝彩)→ 欢呼、称赞。例: The play was acclaimed by critics.
- clamour /ˈklæmə/ clam- + -our,呼喊(声)→ 喧哗、大声要求。例: The crowd clamoured for change.
- claim /kleɪm/ claim,喊出(的主张)→ 声称、要求、索要。例: He claimed that he was innocent.
- reclaim /rɪˈkleɪm/ re-( back)+ claim,喊回来(要回)→ 收回、开垦。例: They reclaimed the land from the sea.
- declaim /dɪˈkleɪm/ de-(强调)+ claim,大声说出 → 朗诵、慷慨陈词。例: He declaimed the verses with passion.
- disclaim /dɪsˈkleɪm/ dis-( apart)+ claim,喊开(否认)→ 否认、放弃权利。例: The author disclaimed responsibility for the error.
二、voc / vok:声、唤(巩固)
拉丁词根 voc- / vok- 来自 vox(声音)、vocāre(呼唤)。第二十章已讲「说、呼」,此处巩固:invoke、evoke、revoke、advocate、vocation 等。
voc- / vok- “voice, call” (review, see Ch.20)
- invoke /ɪnˈvəʊk/ in-( on)+ vok- + -e,唤到…上 → 祈求、援引。例: They invoked the law in their defence.
- evoke /ɪˈvəʊk/ e-(ex-, out)+ vok- + -e,唤出来 → 唤起、引起。例: The smell evoked memories of childhood.
- revoke /rɪˈvəʊk/ re-( back)+ vok- + -e,唤回(取消)→ 撤销、废除。例: His licence was revoked.
- provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ pro-( forward)+ vok- + -e,向前唤(激)→ 激怒、激起。例: His remarks provoked anger.
- convoke /kənˈvəʊk/ con-( together)+ vok- + -e,唤到一起 → 召集(会议)。例: The president convoked an emergency session.
- advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ ad-( to)+ voc- + -ate,向…呼唤(支持)→ 主张、拥护。例: She advocates for human rights.
- vocation /vəʊˈkeɪʃn/ voc- + -ation,被召唤(的使命)→ 天职、职业。例: Teaching was his vocation.
- vocal /ˈvəʊkl/ voc- + -al,与声音有关的 → 嗓音的、直言不讳的。例: She is a vocal critic of the policy.
三、prec:祷、求
拉丁词根 prec- 来自名词 prex(祈祷,复数 precēs)。本义「祈祷、恳求」,引申为「靠祈求得来的(不稳)」「祈求去掉(不赞成)」「祈求施加(诅咒)」等。
prec- “pray, entreat”
- pray /preɪ/ prec- 变体 → 祈祷、恳求。例: They prayed for peace.
- prayer /preə/ prec- + -er,祈祷(的行为/文)→ 祷告、祈祷文。例: She said a prayer before the meal.
- precarious /prɪˈkeəriəs/ prec- + -arious,通过祈求得来的(靠不住)→ 不稳定的、危险的。例: He was in a precarious financial position.
- deprecate /ˈdeprəkeɪt/ de-( away)+ prec- + -ate,祈求离开(不赞成)→ 反对、贬低。例: He deprecated the use of violence.
- imprecate /ˈɪmprɪkeɪt/ im-(in-, on)+ prec- + -ate,祈求施加(于…)→ 诅咒。例: He imprecated vengeance on his enemies.
- deprecatory /ˈdeprəkətəri/ deprecate + -ory,表示反对的 → 不赞成的、歉意的。例: She gave a deprecatory smile.
- imprecation /ˌɪmprɪˈkeɪʃn/ imprecate + -ion,诅咒(的行为/话)→ 咒骂。例: He muttered imprecations under his breath.
四、rog:问、求(巩固)
拉丁词根 rog- 来自 rogāre(问、请求)。第三十三章已讲,此处巩固:interrogate、prerogative、surrogate、arrogant、derogatory、abrogate、prorogue。
rog- “ask, request” (review, see Ch.35)
- interrogate /ɪnˈterəɡeɪt/ inter- + rog- + -ate,在中间问 → 审问、质问。例: The suspect was interrogated for hours.
- prerogative /prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/ pre-( before)+ rog- + -ative,事先被请求的(权)→ 特权。例: It is the king's prerogative to pardon.
- surrogate /ˈsʌrəɡət/ sub-( in place of)+ rog- + -ate,被请求代替的 → 替代者。例: She acted as a surrogate mother.
- arrogant /ˈærəɡənt/ ar-(ad-)+ rog- + -ant,向(自己)请求(自封)→ 傲慢的。例: His arrogant manner put people off.
- derogatory /dɪˈrɒɡətəri/ de-( down)+ rog- + -atory,问下去(贬低)→ 贬义的。例: The term has a derogatory meaning.
- abrogate /ˈæbrəɡeɪt/ ab-( away)+ rog- + -ate,问掉(取消)→ 废除。例: The treaty was abrogated.
- prorogue /prəʊˈrəʊɡ/ pro-( forward)+ rog- + -ue,向前问(延后)→ 休会、延期。例: Parliament was prorogued until autumn.
claim vs clamour
Claim(声称、要求):喊出某种主张或权利,可作动词或名词,如 claim compensation. Clamour(喧哗、大声要求):多人一起呼喊、喧闹,强调「嘈杂、群起」,如 clamour for reform. 记:claim 单次「声称」;clamour 一片「喧嚷」。
五、小结与下一步
本章按「呼—声—祷—问」串联四组词根:clam/claim(呼、喊)→ exclaim、proclaim、acclaim、clamour、claim、reclaim、declaim、disclaim;voc/vok(声、唤,巩固)→ invoke、evoke、revoke、provoke、convoke、advocate、vocation、vocal;prec(祷、求)→ pray、prayer、precarious、deprecate、imprecate、deprecatory、imprecation;rog(问,巩固)→ interrogate、prerogative、surrogate、arrogant、derogatory、abrogate、prorogue。下一章我们会学习「真、证、试与信」:ver、test、prob、fid 巩固。