希腊词根(三):热、声、看与光水
一、therm:热
希腊词根 therm- 来自名词 thermē(热)。本义「热、温」,温度计、保温瓶、热力学等词均由此来。
therm- “heat”
- thermal /ˈθɜːməl/ therm- + -al,与热有关的 → 热的、保暖的。例: Thermal underwear keeps you warm.
- thermometer /θəˈmɒmɪtə/ thermo- + meter(测),测热(之器)→ 温度计。例: The thermometer read 37°C.
- thermostat /ˈθɜːməstæt/ thermo- + -stat(固定),固定温度(之器)→ 恒温器。例: Set the thermostat to 20°C.
- thermos /ˈθɜːmɒs/ therm- + -os,保热(之瓶)→ 保温瓶。例: She brought coffee in a thermos.
- thermodynamics /ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ thermo- + dynamics(力学),热(之)力学 → 热力学。例: Thermodynamics studies heat and energy.
- thermonuclear /ˌθɜːməʊˈnjuːkliə/ thermo- + nuclear,热(引发)核的 → 热核的(如氢弹)。例: Thermonuclear fusion powers the sun.
- hypothermia /ˌhaɪpəˈθɜːmiə/ hypo-(下)+ therm- + -ia,体温过低(症)→ 低体温症。例: The climber suffered from hypothermia.
二、phono:声
希腊词根 phono- 来自名词 phōnē(声音)。本义「声」,电话、麦克风、交响乐、语音学等词均由此来。
phono- “sound, voice”
- phone /fəʊn/ phon- + -e,传声(之器)→ 电话;打电话。例: She answered the phone.
- phonetics /fəˈnetɪks/ phon- + -etics,声音(之学)→ 语音学。例: Phonetics studies how sounds are produced.
- phonics /ˈfɒnɪks/ phon- + -ics,声音(与拼读)→ 自然拼读法。例: Children learn to read through phonics.
- symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ sym-(共)+ phon- + -y,共声(合奏)→ 交响乐。例: The symphony was performed by the orchestra.
- microphone /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ micro-(小/微)+ phon- + -e,把微小声音放大的(器)→ 麦克风。例: He spoke into the microphone.
- megaphone /ˈmeɡəfəʊn/ mega-(大)+ phon- + -e,放大声音(之器)→ 扩音器、喇叭。例: The coach used a megaphone to address the team.
- euphony /ˈjuːfəni/ eu-(好)+ phon- + -y,好听(之声)→ 悦耳、和谐。例: The poet sought euphony in his verse.
- cacophony /kəˈkɒfəni/ caco-(坏)+ phon- + -y,难听(之声)→ 刺耳、嘈杂。例: The street was a cacophony of honking horns.
三、scope:看、观测
希腊词根 scope- 来自动词 skopein(看、观察)。本义「看、观测」,-scope 常表「镜、观测仪」,望远镜、显微镜、视野等词均由此来。
scope- “look at, observe”
- scope /skəʊp/ scope-,看(的范围)→ 范围、视野;观测镜。例: The project is beyond the scope of our budget.
- telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/ tele-(远)+ scope-,看远处(之器)→ 望远镜。例: We looked at the stars through a telescope.
- microscope /ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/ micro-(微)+ scope-,看微小(之器)→ 显微镜。例: Bacteria are visible under a microscope.
- periscope /ˈperɪskəʊp/ peri-(周围)+ scope-,环顾(之器)→ 潜望镜。例: The submarine used a periscope to see above water.
- endoscope /ˈendəskəʊp/ endo-(内)+ scope-,看内部(之器)→ 内窥镜。例: The doctor used an endoscope to examine the stomach.
- horoscope /ˈhɒrəskəʊp/ horo-(时)+ scope-,看(天象)时辰 → 占星、星座运程。例: She read her horoscope every morning.
- kaleidoscope /kəˈlaɪdəskəʊp/ kalos(美)+ eidos(形)+ scope-,看美形(之器)→ 万花筒;千变万化。例: The market was a kaleidoscope of colours.
四、photo:光
希腊词根 photo- 来自名词 phōs(光,属格 phōtos)。本义「光」,照片、光合作用、光子等词均由此来。
photo- “light”
- photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/ photo- 缩写 → 照片。例: She took a photo of the sunset.
- photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/ photo- + graph-(写),用光写(下的)→ 照片;拍照。例: The photograph was taken in 1990.
- photosynthesis /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ photo- + synthesis(合成),用光合成 → 光合作用。例: Plants use photosynthesis to make food.
- photon /ˈfəʊtɒn/ phot- + -on(粒子),光(之粒子)→ 光子。例: A photon is a quantum of light.
- photocopy /ˈfəʊtəʊkɒpi/ photo- + copy,用光复制 → 复印;复印件。例: Please make a photocopy of the form.
- photogenic /ˌfəʊtəˈdʒenɪk/ photo- + -genic(产生),产生好(光)效果的 → 上镜的。例: She was photogenic and loved being photographed.
五、hydr:水
希腊词根 hydr- 来自名词 hydōr(水)。本义「水」,水合、氢、水力、脱水等词均由此来。
hydr- “water”
- hydrant /ˈhaɪdrənt/ hydr- + -ant,出水(之装置)→ 消防栓。例: The fire crew connected the hose to the hydrant.
- hydrate /ˈhaɪdreɪt/ hydr- + -ate,与水结合 → 水合;补水。例: Remember to hydrate during exercise.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ hydr- + -gen(产生),产生水(的元素,燃烧成水)→ 氢。例: Hydrogen is the lightest element.
- hydraulic /haɪˈdrɔːlɪk/ hydr- + -aul-(管)+ -ic,用水(在管中)驱动的 → 液压的。例: The machine uses hydraulic pressure.
- hydroelectric /ˌhaɪdrəʊɪˈlektrɪk/ hydr- + electric,水(发电)的 → 水力发电的。例: The dam provides hydroelectric power.
- dehydrate /ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪt/ de-(去除)+ hydr- + -ate,去除水 → 脱水;使干燥。例: Dehydrated food is light for camping.
- hydrophobia /ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbiə/ hydr- + -phobia(恐惧),恐水(症,狂犬病症状)→ 恐水症;狂犬病。例: Hydrophobia is a symptom of rabies.
telescope vs microscope vs periscope
Telescope:tele-(远),看远处 → 望远镜(观星、远距离)。 Microscope:micro-(微),看微小 → 显微镜(看细胞、细菌)。 Periscope:peri-(周围),环顾 → 潜望镜(潜艇从水下看水面)。三者都是「看」的仪器,前缀决定「看什么」。
euphony vs cacophony
Euphony(悦耳):eu- 好 + phono 声,和谐、好听的声音。 Cacophony(刺耳):caco- 坏 + phono 声,嘈杂、难听的声音。记:eu- 好、caco- 坏,一对反义前缀。
六、小结与下一步
本章按「热—声—看—光—水」串联五组希腊词根:therm(热)→ thermal、thermometer、thermostat、thermos、thermodynamics、thermonuclear、hypothermia;phono(声)→ phone、phonetics、phonics、symphony、microphone、megaphone、euphony、cacophony;scope(看)→ scope、telescope、microscope、periscope、endoscope、horoscope、kaleidoscope;photo(光)→ photo、photograph、photosynthesis、photon、photocopy、photogenic;hydr(水)→ hydrant、hydrate、hydrogen、hydraulic、hydroelectric、dehydrate、hydrophobia。下一章我们会学习「希腊词根(四):民、城、人与性别」:dem、polis/polit、anthrop、gyn、andr 等。