前缀(四):重复、反向与强调
一、re-:再、回
拉丁 re- 表「再、又」(重复)或「回、反」(反向),是英语中最常见的前缀之一。
re- “again, back”
- repeat /rɪˈpiːt/ re- + pet-(求),再求(说)→ 重复。例: Please repeat the question.
- return /rɪˈtɜːn/ re- + turn,转回 → 返回。例: She will return next week.
- recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ re- + call,叫回 → 回忆、召回。例: I cannot recall his name.
- reflect /rɪˈflekt/ re- + flect-(弯),(光)弯回 → 反射、反思。例: Light reflects off the mirror.
- revise /rɪˈvaɪz/ re- + vis-(看),再看 → 修订、复习。例: Revise your essay before submitting.
- reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/ re- + vers-(转),转回 → 反转、相反。例: Reverse the order of the list.
- restore /rɪˈstɔː/ re- + store,再立/再存 → 恢复、修复。例: They restored the old building.
二、se-:分离
拉丁 se- 表「 apart 、分离」,与「一起」相对。
se- “apart, aside”
- seduce /sɪˈdjuːs/ se- + duc-(引),引离(正道)→ 引诱、诱惑。例: He was seduced by the offer.
- separate /ˈsepəreɪt/ se- + par-(备)+ -ate,备开 → 分开、分离。例: Separate the eggs from the yolks.
- select /sɪˈlekt/ se- + lect-(选),(从整体中)选离出来 → 挑选。例: Select the file you want to open.
- segregate /ˈseɡrɪɡeɪt/ se- + greg-(群)+ -ate,从群体中分开 → 隔离、分离。例: The law once segregated schools.
- sever /ˈsevə/ se- + ver-(与 -par 同源),使分离 → 切断、断绝。例: They severed all ties.
- secret /ˈsiːkrɪt/ se- + cret-(筛、分),分离(不让人知)→ 秘密。例: Can you keep a secret?
三、bene-:好
拉丁 bene- 表「好、善」,与 mal- 相对。
bene- “well, good”
- benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ bene- + fit-(做),做好(之事)→ 利益、好处。例: Exercise has many benefits.
- benevolent /bəˈnevələnt/ bene- + vol-(愿)+ -ent,愿(他人)好的 → 仁慈的。例: A benevolent donor.
- benefactor /ˈbenɪfæktə/ bene- + fact-(做)+ -or,做好事者 → 捐助人、恩人。例: The library was built by a benefactor.
- beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/ bene- + fic-(做)+ -ial,有好处的 → 有益的。例: Fresh air is beneficial to health.
- benediction /ˌbenɪˈdɪkʃn/ bene- + dict-(说)+ -ion,说好(的话)→ 祝福。例: The priest gave a benediction.
- beneficiary /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəri/ bene- + fic-(做)+ -iary,受(好)事之人 → 受益人。例: She is the beneficiary of the will.
四、mal- / male-:坏
拉丁 mal-(或 male-)表「坏、恶」,与 bene- 相对。
mal- / male- “bad, evil”
- malefactor /ˈmælɪfæktə/ male- + fact-(做)+ -or,做坏事者 → 作恶者、罪犯。例: The malefactor was arrested.
- malevolent /məˈlevələnt/ male- + vol-(愿)+ -ent,愿(他人)坏的 → 恶意的。例: A malevolent stare.
- malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/ mal- + -icious,怀恶意的 → 恶意的。例: Malicious software damaged the system.
- malpractice /ˌmælˈpræktɪs/ mal- + practice,坏的(职业)行为 → 渎职、不当行为。例: The doctor was sued for malpractice.
- malnutrition /ˌmælnjuːˈtrɪʃn/ mal- + nutrition,坏的营养(状态)→ 营养不良。例: Malnutrition affects many children.
- malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋkʃn/ mal- + function,功能失常 → 故障。例: The engine malfunctioned.
五、ob- / of- / op- / oc-:向、对、逆
拉丁 ob- 表「向、对着、逆」,在后接辅音前同化为 of-, op-, oc- 等。
ob- “toward, against”
- oppose /əˈpəʊz/ op- + pos-(放),对着放 → 反对。例: Many oppose the new policy.
- obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/ ob- + struct-(建),对着(路)建(挡)→ 阻碍。例: The fallen tree obstructed the road.
- offer /ˈɒfə/ of- + fer-(带),带向(对方)→ 提供、提议。例: He offered to help.
- offend /əˈfend/ of- + fend-(击),向(人)击 → 冒犯、得罪。例: I did not mean to offend you.
- obtain /əbˈteɪn/ ob- + tain-(持),持向(己)→ 获得。例: She obtained a visa.
- occur /əˈkɜː/ oc- + cur-(跑),跑向(眼前)→ 发生、出现。例: The accident occurred at noon.
- omit /əˈmɪt/ o- + mit-(送),送离(不纳入)→ 省略、遗漏。例: Do not omit any details.
re- 的两种含义
「再、又」:repeat 重复、revise 修订/复习、renew 更新、rebuild 重建。 「回、反」:return 返回、reverse 反转、reflect 反射/反思、recall 召回/回忆、restore 恢复。同一前缀,根据词根含义区分「重复」与「反向」。
bene- 与 mal-
Bene-(好):benefit 利益、benevolent 仁慈、benefactor 捐助人、beneficial 有益的、benediction 祝福。 Mal-/male-(坏):malefactor 作恶者、malevolent 恶意、malicious 恶意、malpractice 渎职、malnutrition 营养不良、malfunction 故障。一对表「好 / 坏」评价。
ob- 的变体与含义
Ob- 在后接辅音前同化:of-(f 前)→ offer, offend;op-(p 前)→ oppose;oc-(c 前)→ occur。含义可理解为「向…」:offer 带向对方、obtain 持向己、occur 跑向眼前;或「对、逆」:oppose 相对/反对、obstruct 对着挡。
六、小结与下一步
本章串联 5 组重复、反向与强调类前缀:re-(再/回)、se-(分离)、bene-(好)、mal-/male-(坏)、ob-/of-/op-/oc-(向/对/逆),每组 5–7 个例词并附 IPA 与例句。下一章为「前缀(五):本族语前缀(方位、程度、关系)」。