前缀(五):本族语前缀(方位、程度、关系)
一、after-:后
古英语 after 作前缀表「在…之后」。
after- “behind, later”
- aftermath /ˈɑːftəmæθ/ after- + math(割草),(割)之后(的残留)→ 后果、余波。例: The aftermath of the war was severe.
- afternoon /ˌɑːftəˈnuːn/ after- + noon,正午之后 → 下午。例: We met in the afternoon.
- afterthought /ˈɑːftəθɔːt/ after- + thought,事后想到的 → 事后想法、补充。例: He added it as an afterthought.
- aftertaste /ˈɑːftəteɪst/ after- + taste,之后的味觉 → 余味。例: The wine has a bitter aftertaste.
- afterlife /ˈɑːftəlaɪf/ after- + life,死后(的)生命 → 来世。例: Belief in an afterlife.
- aftereffect /ˈɑːftərɪfekt/ after- + effect,事后(的)效果 → 后效、后遗症。例: The drug’s aftereffects lasted hours.
二、fore-:前
古英语 fore 作前缀表「在…之前、前部」。
fore- “before, front”
- foreground /ˈfɔːɡraʊnd/ fore- + ground,前面的(地)面 → 前景。例: The figure in the foreground.
- forehead /ˈfɒrɪd/ fore- + head,头的前部 → 额头。例: He wiped his forehead.
- foresee /fɔːˈsiː/ fore- + see,事先看到 → 预见。例: No one could foresee the crisis.
- forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ fore- + cast(投),事先投(出)→ 预报、预测。例: The weather forecast says rain.
- foremost /ˈfɔːməʊst/ fore- + most,最前的 → 最重要的、最先的。例: She is one of the foremost experts.
- foretell /fɔːˈtel/ fore- + tell,事先说出 → 预言。例: The prophecy foretold disaster.
三、mid-:中
古英语 mid 作前缀表「中间」。
mid- “middle”
- midlife /ˈmɪdlaɪf/ mid- + life,人生中期 → 中年。例: A midlife crisis.
- midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪt/ mid- + night,夜之中 → 午夜。例: They left at midnight.
- midway /ˌmɪdˈweɪ/ mid- + way,路之中 → 中途。例: We stopped midway.
- midterm /ˈmɪdtɜːm/ mid- + term,学期之中 → 期中。例: The midterm exam is next week.
- midsummer /ˌmɪdˈsʌmə/ mid- + summer,仲夏。例: Midsummer night is the longest.
- midair /ˌmɪdˈeə/ mid- + air,空中(之中)→ 半空。例: The ball was caught in midair.
四、out-:外、出、超出
古英语 out 作前缀表「出、向外、超过」。
out- “out, beyond”
- outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ out- + come,(走)出来的(结果)→ 结果。例: The outcome was uncertain.
- outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ out- + line,外(廓)线 → 轮廓、大纲。例: Draw the outline first.
- outlook /ˈaʊtlʊk/ out- + look,向外看 → 观点、前景。例: A positive outlook on life.
- output /ˈaʊtpʊt/ out- + put,放出的(量)→ 产出、输出。例: The factory’s output increased.
- outnumber /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbə/ out- + number,数量上超出 → 在数量上超过。例: They outnumbered us three to one.
- outlaw /ˈaʊtlɔː/ out- + law,法律之外(的人)→ 逃犯;动词:宣布为非法。例: The practice was outlawed.
五、over-:越过、过多
古英语 over 作前缀表「在…之上、越过、过度」。
over- “over, too much”
- overreact /ˌəʊvərɪˈækt/ over- + react,反应过度 → 过度反应。例: Don’t overreact to the news.
- overflow /ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ/ over- + flow,流得过满 → 溢出。例: The river overflowed its banks.
- overlook /ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/ over- + look,从上看过 / 看漏 → 俯瞰、忽视。例: We overlooked a small error.
- overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ over- + come,越过(困难)而来 → 克服。例: She overcame her fears.
- overtime /ˈəʊvətaɪm/ over- + time,超出(规定)时间 → 加班、加时。例: He works overtime every week.
- overcoat /ˈəʊvəkəʊt/ over- + coat,穿在最外面的外套 → 大衣。例: Wear an overcoat in winter.
六、under-:下、不足
古英语 under 作前缀表「在…之下、不足」。
under- “under, below, too little”
- undergo /ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/ under- + go,在(某过程)之下经过 → 经历、经受。例: He underwent surgery.
- understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ under- + stand,站在(其)下(把握)→ 理解。例: I understand your concern.
- underline /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ under- + line,(字)下面的线 → 下划线;强调。例: Underline the key words.
- underground /ˈʌndəɡraʊnd/ under- + ground,地下的 → 地下(的);地铁。例: The underground railway.
- underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ under- + estimate,估计得过低 → 低估。例: Don’t underestimate the difficulty.
- underwear /ˈʌndəweə/ under- + wear,穿在(外衣)之下的 → 内衣。例: Clean underwear.
七、up-:上
古英语 up 作前缀表「向上、起来」。
up- “up, upward”
- upgrade /ˌʌpˈɡreɪd/ up- + grade,等级向上 → 升级、提升。例: Upgrade your software.
- uphold /ʌpˈhəʊld/ up- + hold,向上托住 → 维护、支持。例: The court upheld the ruling.
- upset /ʌpˈset/ up- + set,(被)翻上来 → 打翻、使不安。例: The news upset her.
- upstairs /ˌʌpˈsteəz/ up- + stairs,楼上的(楼梯)→ 楼上。例: She went upstairs.
- upturn /ˈʌptɜːn/ up- + turn,向上转 → 好转、上升。例: An upturn in the economy.
八、down-:下
古英语 down 作前缀表「向下、下降」。
down- “down, downward”
- downfall /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/ down- + fall,落下 → 垮台、衰落。例: The scandal caused his downfall.
- downtown /ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn/ down- + town,(河流)下游的城区 → 市中心。例: We went downtown.
- downhill /ˌdaʊnˈhɪl/ down- + hill,向山下 → 下坡;每况愈下。例: It was downhill from there.
- downgrade /ˌdaʊnˈɡreɪd/ down- + grade,等级向下 → 降级、贬低。例: The job was downgraded.
- download /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ down- + load,向下装载(到本地)→ 下载。例: Download the file from the server.
九、back-:后
古英语 back 作前缀表「向后、背后」。
back- “back, behind”
- background /ˈbækɡraʊnd/ back- + ground,背后的(场地)→ 背景。例: She has a strong academic background.
- backward /ˈbækwəd/ back- + -ward(向),向后的 → 向后;落后的。例: He took a backward step.
- backup /ˈbækʌp/ back- + up,在后面支撑 → 备份、后备。例: Keep a backup of your data.
- backlash /ˈbæklæʃ/ back- + lash(鞭打),反抽回来 → 强烈反对、反弹。例: The policy caused a backlash.
- backfire /ˌbækˈfaɪə/ back- + fire,(火)向后烧 → 适得其反、事与愿违。例: The plan backfired.
十、by-:旁、副
古英语 by 作前缀表「旁、侧、副、次要」。
by- “beside, secondary”
- bypass /ˈbaɪpɑːs/ by- + pass,从旁经过 → 绕行、 bypass 绕过。例: Bypass the main road.
- bystander /ˈbaɪstændə/ by- + stand + -er,站在旁边的人 → 旁观者。例: A bystander called the police.
- byproduct /ˈbaɪprɒdʌkt/ by- + product,旁(带)产品 → 副产品。例: Heat is a byproduct of the process.
- bygone /ˈbaɪɡɒn/ by- + gone,从旁(已)过去 → 过去的、往昔的。例: Let bygones be bygones.
- bylaw /ˈbaɪlɔː/ by- + law,旁(补充)法 → 地方法规、细则。例: The bylaws of the association.
十一、with-:与、反
古英语 with 作前缀可表「与…一起」或「反向、对抗」。
with- “with, against, back”
- withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ with- + draw,向反方向拉 → 撤回、取回、退出。例: He withdrew his offer.
- withhold /wɪðˈhəʊld/ with- + hold,反向持住(不给)→ 扣留、隐瞒。例: Don’t withhold information.
- withstand /wɪðˈstænd/ with- + stand,对着站(顶住)→ 抵挡、经受。例: The wall withstood the storm.
- within /wɪˈðɪn/ with- + in,在(某范围)之内 → 在…内。例: Finish within an hour.
- without /wɪˈðaʊt/ with- + out,在(某范围)之外 → 没有、无。例: We cannot do it without you.
十二、self-:自身
古英语 self 作前缀表「自己、自身」。
self- “self”
- self-esteem /ˌselfɪˈstiːm/ self- + esteem,对自身的评价 → 自尊。例: Building self-esteem in children.
- self-made /ˌselfˈmeɪd/ self- + made,自己(奋斗)造就的 → 白手起家的。例: A self-made millionaire.
- self-service /ˌselfˈsɜːvɪs/ self- + service,自己服务(的)→ 自助。例: A self-service gas station.
- self-control /ˌselfkənˈtrəʊl/ self- + control,对自身的控制 → 自制力。例: He showed great self-control.
- self-confidence /ˌselfˈkɒnfɪdəns/ self- + confidence,对自身的信心 → 自信。例: She gained self-confidence.
十三、step-:继(非血缘)
古英语 stēop- 表「继、义」(因再婚等形成的亲属关系)。
step- “step- (family by remarriage)”
- stepfather /ˈstepfɑːðə/ step- + father,继父。例: Her stepfather is very kind.
- stepmother /ˈstepmʌðə/ step- + mother,继母。例: He gets along with his stepmother.
- stepchild /ˈsteptʃaɪld/ step- + child,继子女。例: She has two stepchildren.
- stepbrother /ˈstepbrʌðə/ step- + brother,继兄弟。例: My stepbrother is older.
- stepsister /ˈstepsɪstə/ step- + sister,继姐妹。例: She and her stepsister are close.
十四、twi-:二
古英语 twi- 表「二、双」,与拉丁 bi-、希腊 di- 同义但较少见。
twi- “two”
- twilight /ˈtwaɪlaɪt/ twi- + light,(日与夜)二光交替时 → 黄昏、黎明;暮光。例: We walked in the twilight.
- twice /twaɪs/ twi- + -ce(副词后缀),两次。例: I have been there twice.
- twin /twɪn/ twi- + -n,二的(两个一样)→ 双胞胎之一。例: She has a twin brother.
- twine /twaɪn/ twi- + -ne,两股(拧在一起)→ 麻线、捻线。例: Tie it with twine.
- twig /twɪɡ/ twi-(分叉)+ 同源词,二分(枝)→ 细枝、嫩枝。例: A bird sat on a twig.
after- 与 fore-
After-(后):aftermath 后果、afternoon 下午、afterthought 事后想法。 Fore-(前):foreground 前景、forehead 额头、foresee 预见、forecast 预报。时间或空间上的「前/后」对应。
over- 与 under-
Over-(上、过):overreact 过度反应、overflow 溢出、overcome 克服、overtime 加班。 Under-(下、不足):undergo 经历、underline 下划线、underground 地下、underestimate 低估、underwear 内衣。一对表「超过 / 不足」或「上 / 下」。
up- 与 down-;with- 的「反」义
Up- / down-:upgrade 升级、upturn 好转;downfall 垮台、downgrade 降级、download 下载。 With- 除「与」外常表「反、回」:withdraw 撤回、withhold 扣留、withstand 抵挡;within / without 表「在…内 / 外」。
十五、小结与下一步
本章串联 14 组本族语前缀:after-, fore-, mid-, out-, over-, under-, up-, down-, back-, by-, with-, self-, step-, twi-,每组 5–6 个例词并附 IPA 与例句。下一章为「前缀(六):希腊来源前缀(通过、周围、好恶)」。