前缀(五):本族语前缀(方位、程度、关系)

本族语前缀:方位、程度与关系一图通。 本章讲解源自古英语/日耳曼的前缀,多与日常方位、程度相关:after-, fore-, mid-(后/前/中)→ aftermath, foreground, midlife;out-, over-, under-(外/上/下)→ outcome, overreact, undergo;up-, down-, back-(上/下/后)→ upgrade, downfall, background;by-, with-(旁/与)→ bypass, withdraw;self-, step-, twi-(自/继/二)→ self-esteem, stepfather, twilight。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附概念图与总览。
本章逻辑: 本族语前缀多仍可单独成词(after, fore, mid, out, over, under, up, down, back, by, with)。① 时间/顺序:after- 后、fore- 前、mid- 中。② 方位/程度:out- 外/出、over- 越过/过多、under- 在下/不足;up- 上、down- 下、back- 后。③ 关系:by- 旁/副、with- 与/反(withdraw 拉回)。④ 自身与亲属:self- 自身、step- 继(非血缘)、twi- 二。记「after/fore/mid — out/over/under — up/down/back — by/with — self/step/twi」。
Time (fore / mid / after), level (over / under), direction (up / down / back), relation (self / step / twi).

一、after-:后

古英语 after 作前缀表「在…之后」。

after- “behind, later”

古英语 æfter( after )

  • aftermath /ˈɑːftəmæθ/ after- + math(割草),(割)之后(的残留)→ 后果、余波。例: The aftermath of the war was severe.
  • afternoon /ˌɑːftəˈnuːn/ after- + noon,正午之后 → 下午。例: We met in the afternoon.
  • afterthought /ˈɑːftəθɔːt/ after- + thought,事后想到的 → 事后想法、补充。例: He added it as an afterthought.
  • aftertaste /ˈɑːftəteɪst/ after- + taste,之后的味觉 → 余味。例: The wine has a bitter aftertaste.
  • afterlife /ˈɑːftəlaɪf/ after- + life,死后(的)生命 → 来世。例: Belief in an afterlife.
  • aftereffect /ˈɑːftərɪfekt/ after- + effect,事后(的)效果 → 后效、后遗症。例: The drug’s aftereffects lasted hours.

二、fore-:前

古英语 fore 作前缀表「在…之前、前部」。

fore- “before, front”

古英语 fore( before )

  • foreground /ˈfɔːɡraʊnd/ fore- + ground,前面的(地)面 → 前景。例: The figure in the foreground.
  • forehead /ˈfɒrɪd/ fore- + head,头的前部 → 额头。例: He wiped his forehead.
  • foresee /fɔːˈsiː/ fore- + see,事先看到 → 预见。例: No one could foresee the crisis.
  • forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ fore- + cast(投),事先投(出)→ 预报、预测。例: The weather forecast says rain.
  • foremost /ˈfɔːməʊst/ fore- + most,最前的 → 最重要的、最先的。例: She is one of the foremost experts.
  • foretell /fɔːˈtel/ fore- + tell,事先说出 → 预言。例: The prophecy foretold disaster.

三、mid-:中

古英语 mid 作前缀表「中间」。

mid- “middle”

古英语 mid( middle )

  • midlife /ˈmɪdlaɪf/ mid- + life,人生中期 → 中年。例: A midlife crisis.
  • midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪt/ mid- + night,夜之中 → 午夜。例: They left at midnight.
  • midway /ˌmɪdˈweɪ/ mid- + way,路之中 → 中途。例: We stopped midway.
  • midterm /ˈmɪdtɜːm/ mid- + term,学期之中 → 期中。例: The midterm exam is next week.
  • midsummer /ˌmɪdˈsʌmə/ mid- + summer,仲夏。例: Midsummer night is the longest.
  • midair /ˌmɪdˈeə/ mid- + air,空中(之中)→ 半空。例: The ball was caught in midair.

四、out-:外、出、超出

古英语 out 作前缀表「出、向外、超过」。

out- “out, beyond”

古英语 ūt( out )

  • outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ out- + come,(走)出来的(结果)→ 结果。例: The outcome was uncertain.
  • outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ out- + line,外(廓)线 → 轮廓、大纲。例: Draw the outline first.
  • outlook /ˈaʊtlʊk/ out- + look,向外看 → 观点、前景。例: A positive outlook on life.
  • output /ˈaʊtpʊt/ out- + put,放出的(量)→ 产出、输出。例: The factory’s output increased.
  • outnumber /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbə/ out- + number,数量上超出 → 在数量上超过。例: They outnumbered us three to one.
  • outlaw /ˈaʊtlɔː/ out- + law,法律之外(的人)→ 逃犯;动词:宣布为非法。例: The practice was outlawed.

五、over-:越过、过多

古英语 over 作前缀表「在…之上、越过、过度」。

over- “over, too much”

古英语 ofer( over )

  • overreact /ˌəʊvərɪˈækt/ over- + react,反应过度 → 过度反应。例: Don’t overreact to the news.
  • overflow /ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ/ over- + flow,流得过满 → 溢出。例: The river overflowed its banks.
  • overlook /ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/ over- + look,从上看过 / 看漏 → 俯瞰、忽视。例: We overlooked a small error.
  • overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ over- + come,越过(困难)而来 → 克服。例: She overcame her fears.
  • overtime /ˈəʊvətaɪm/ over- + time,超出(规定)时间 → 加班、加时。例: He works overtime every week.
  • overcoat /ˈəʊvəkəʊt/ over- + coat,穿在最外面的外套 → 大衣。例: Wear an overcoat in winter.

六、under-:下、不足

古英语 under 作前缀表「在…之下、不足」。

under- “under, below, too little”

古英语 under( under )

  • undergo /ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/ under- + go,在(某过程)之下经过 → 经历、经受。例: He underwent surgery.
  • understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ under- + stand,站在(其)下(把握)→ 理解。例: I understand your concern.
  • underline /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ under- + line,(字)下面的线 → 下划线;强调。例: Underline the key words.
  • underground /ˈʌndəɡraʊnd/ under- + ground,地下的 → 地下(的);地铁。例: The underground railway.
  • underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ under- + estimate,估计得过低 → 低估。例: Don’t underestimate the difficulty.
  • underwear /ˈʌndəweə/ under- + wear,穿在(外衣)之下的 → 内衣。例: Clean underwear.

七、up-:上

古英语 up 作前缀表「向上、起来」。

up- “up, upward”

古英语 ūp( up )

  • upgrade /ˌʌpˈɡreɪd/ up- + grade,等级向上 → 升级、提升。例: Upgrade your software.
  • uphold /ʌpˈhəʊld/ up- + hold,向上托住 → 维护、支持。例: The court upheld the ruling.
  • upset /ʌpˈset/ up- + set,(被)翻上来 → 打翻、使不安。例: The news upset her.
  • upstairs /ˌʌpˈsteəz/ up- + stairs,楼上的(楼梯)→ 楼上。例: She went upstairs.
  • upturn /ˈʌptɜːn/ up- + turn,向上转 → 好转、上升。例: An upturn in the economy.

八、down-:下

古英语 down 作前缀表「向下、下降」。

down- “down, downward”

古英语 dūne( down )

  • downfall /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/ down- + fall,落下 → 垮台、衰落。例: The scandal caused his downfall.
  • downtown /ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn/ down- + town,(河流)下游的城区 → 市中心。例: We went downtown.
  • downhill /ˌdaʊnˈhɪl/ down- + hill,向山下 → 下坡;每况愈下。例: It was downhill from there.
  • downgrade /ˌdaʊnˈɡreɪd/ down- + grade,等级向下 → 降级、贬低。例: The job was downgraded.
  • download /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ down- + load,向下装载(到本地)→ 下载。例: Download the file from the server.

九、back-:后

古英语 back 作前缀表「向后、背后」。

back- “back, behind”

古英语 bæc( back )

  • background /ˈbækɡraʊnd/ back- + ground,背后的(场地)→ 背景。例: She has a strong academic background.
  • backward /ˈbækwəd/ back- + -ward(向),向后的 → 向后;落后的。例: He took a backward step.
  • backup /ˈbækʌp/ back- + up,在后面支撑 → 备份、后备。例: Keep a backup of your data.
  • backlash /ˈbæklæʃ/ back- + lash(鞭打),反抽回来 → 强烈反对、反弹。例: The policy caused a backlash.
  • backfire /ˌbækˈfaɪə/ back- + fire,(火)向后烧 → 适得其反、事与愿违。例: The plan backfired.

十、by-:旁、副

古英语 by 作前缀表「旁、侧、副、次要」。

by- “beside, secondary”

古英语 bī( by, near )

  • bypass /ˈbaɪpɑːs/ by- + pass,从旁经过 → 绕行、 bypass 绕过。例: Bypass the main road.
  • bystander /ˈbaɪstændə/ by- + stand + -er,站在旁边的人 → 旁观者。例: A bystander called the police.
  • byproduct /ˈbaɪprɒdʌkt/ by- + product,旁(带)产品 → 副产品。例: Heat is a byproduct of the process.
  • bygone /ˈbaɪɡɒn/ by- + gone,从旁(已)过去 → 过去的、往昔的。例: Let bygones be bygones.
  • bylaw /ˈbaɪlɔː/ by- + law,旁(补充)法 → 地方法规、细则。例: The bylaws of the association.

十一、with-:与、反

古英语 with 作前缀可表「与…一起」或「反向、对抗」。

with- “with, against, back”

古英语 wið( with, against )

  • withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ with- + draw,向反方向拉 → 撤回、取回、退出。例: He withdrew his offer.
  • withhold /wɪðˈhəʊld/ with- + hold,反向持住(不给)→ 扣留、隐瞒。例: Don’t withhold information.
  • withstand /wɪðˈstænd/ with- + stand,对着站(顶住)→ 抵挡、经受。例: The wall withstood the storm.
  • within /wɪˈðɪn/ with- + in,在(某范围)之内 → 在…内。例: Finish within an hour.
  • without /wɪˈðaʊt/ with- + out,在(某范围)之外 → 没有、无。例: We cannot do it without you.

十二、self-:自身

古英语 self 作前缀表「自己、自身」。

self- “self”

古英语 self( self )

  • self-esteem /ˌselfɪˈstiːm/ self- + esteem,对自身的评价 → 自尊。例: Building self-esteem in children.
  • self-made /ˌselfˈmeɪd/ self- + made,自己(奋斗)造就的 → 白手起家的。例: A self-made millionaire.
  • self-service /ˌselfˈsɜːvɪs/ self- + service,自己服务(的)→ 自助。例: A self-service gas station.
  • self-control /ˌselfkənˈtrəʊl/ self- + control,对自身的控制 → 自制力。例: He showed great self-control.
  • self-confidence /ˌselfˈkɒnfɪdəns/ self- + confidence,对自身的信心 → 自信。例: She gained self-confidence.

十三、step-:继(非血缘)

古英语 stēop- 表「继、义」(因再婚等形成的亲属关系)。

step- “step- (family by remarriage)”

古英语 stēop-( orphan, step- )

  • stepfather /ˈstepfɑːðə/ step- + father,继父。例: Her stepfather is very kind.
  • stepmother /ˈstepmʌðə/ step- + mother,继母。例: He gets along with his stepmother.
  • stepchild /ˈsteptʃaɪld/ step- + child,继子女。例: She has two stepchildren.
  • stepbrother /ˈstepbrʌðə/ step- + brother,继兄弟。例: My stepbrother is older.
  • stepsister /ˈstepsɪstə/ step- + sister,继姐妹。例: She and her stepsister are close.

十四、twi-:二

古英语 twi- 表「二、双」,与拉丁 bi-、希腊 di- 同义但较少见。

twi- “two”

古英语 twi-( two )

  • twilight /ˈtwaɪlaɪt/ twi- + light,(日与夜)二光交替时 → 黄昏、黎明;暮光。例: We walked in the twilight.
  • twice /twaɪs/ twi- + -ce(副词后缀),两次。例: I have been there twice.
  • twin /twɪn/ twi- + -n,二的(两个一样)→ 双胞胎之一。例: She has a twin brother.
  • twine /twaɪn/ twi- + -ne,两股(拧在一起)→ 麻线、捻线。例: Tie it with twine.
  • twig /twɪɡ/ twi-(分叉)+ 同源词,二分(枝)→ 细枝、嫩枝。例: A bird sat on a twig.
Fourteen native prefix groups and one example each.

after- 与 fore-

After-(后):aftermath 后果、afternoon 下午、afterthought 事后想法。 Fore-(前):foreground 前景、forehead 额头、foresee 预见、forecast 预报。时间或空间上的「前/后」对应。

over- 与 under-

Over-(上、过):overreact 过度反应、overflow 溢出、overcome 克服、overtime 加班。 Under-(下、不足):undergo 经历、underline 下划线、underground 地下、underestimate 低估、underwear 内衣。一对表「超过 / 不足」或「上 / 下」。

up- 与 down-;with- 的「反」义

Up- / down-:upgrade 升级、upturn 好转;downfall 垮台、downgrade 降级、download 下载。 With- 除「与」外常表「反、回」:withdraw 撤回、withhold 扣留、withstand 抵挡;within / without 表「在…内 / 外」。

十五、小结与下一步

本章串联 14 组本族语前缀:after-, fore-, mid-, out-, over-, under-, up-, down-, back-, by-, with-, self-, step-, twi-,每组 5–6 个例词并附 IPA 与例句。下一章为「前缀(六):希腊来源前缀(通过、周围、好恶)」。