后缀(一):名词化(动作、状态、结果)
一、-tion / -sion / -ation:动作、结果
加在动词词根后构成名词,表「动作、过程、结果」。拼写变体:-tion(常见)、-sion(如 decide→decision)、-ation(如 educate→education)。
-tion / -sion / -ation “action, state, result”
- action /ˈækʃn/ act + -ion,行为、动作。例: Take action now.
- creation /kriˈeɪʃn/ creat(e) + -ion,创造(物)、创作。例: The creation of new jobs.
- solution /səˈluːʃn/ solv(e) + -ution(← -tion),解决(方案);溶液。例: Find a solution.
- decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/ decide + -sion,决定。例: Make a decision.
- attention /əˈtenʃn/ attend + -tion,注意(力)。例: Pay attention.
- education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ educat(e) + -ion,教育。例: Higher education.
- production /prəˈdʌkʃn/ produc(e) + -tion,生产、产量。例: Increase production.
二、-ment:动作、结果
加在动词后构成名词,表「动作、过程、结果」。
-ment “action, result”
- movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ mov(e) + -ment,运动、动作;动向。例: The civil rights movement.
- development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ develop + -ment,发展;开发。例: Economic development.
- government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ govern + -ment,政府;治理。例: The government announced a plan.
- treatment /ˈtriːtmənt/ treat + -ment,治疗;对待。例: Medical treatment.
- agreement /əˈɡriːmənt/ agre(e) + -ment,协议;同意。例: Sign an agreement.
- payment /ˈpeɪmənt/ pay + -ment,支付(款)。例: Make a payment.
三、-ness:状态、性质
加在形容词后构成名词,表「状态、性质」。
-ness “state, quality”
- happiness /ˈhæpinəs/ happy + -ness,幸福、快乐。例: Happiness is important.
- darkness /ˈdɑːknəs/ dark + -ness,黑暗。例: The darkness of the room.
- kindness /ˈkaɪndnəs/ kind + -ness,善意、仁慈。例: Thank you for your kindness.
- weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ weak + -ness,虚弱;弱点。例: A sign of weakness.
- brightness /ˈbraɪtnəs/ bright + -ness,明亮;亮度。例: Adjust the brightness.
- sadness /ˈsædnəs/ sad + -ness,悲伤。例: She felt great sadness.
四、-ity / -ty:性质、状态
加在形容词后构成名词,表「性质、状态」;多接拉丁词根。
-ity / -ty “state, quality”
- quality /ˈkwɒləti/ qual- + -ity,质量;性质。例: High quality products.
- ability /əˈbɪləti/ able + -ity,能力。例: The ability to learn.
- reality /riˈæləti/ real + -ity,现实。例: Face reality.
- society /səˈsaɪəti/ soci- + -ety(← -ity),社会。例: Modern society.
- safety /ˈseɪfti/ safe + -ty,安全。例: Safety first.
- certainty /ˈsɜːtnti/ certain + -ty,确定性。例: With certainty.
五、-ence / -ance:状态、性质
加在动词或形容词后构成名词,表「状态、性质」;-ence 与 -ance 常对应不同词根(如 depend→dependence,attend→attendance)。
-ence / -ance “state, quality”
- difference /ˈdɪfrəns/ differ + -ence,差异。例: The difference between them.
- presence /ˈprezns/ presen(t) + -ce,在场;存在。例: His presence was felt.
- confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ confident + -ce,信心。例: Have confidence in yourself.
- importance /ɪmˈpɔːtns/ importan(t) + -ce,重要性。例: Of great importance.
- distance /ˈdɪstəns/ distan(t) + -ce,距离。例: Keep your distance.
- performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ perform + -ance,表现;表演。例: A strong performance.
六、-ure:动作、结果、状态
加在动词词根后构成名词,表「动作、结果、状态」。
-ure “action, result, state”
- pressure /ˈpreʃə/ press + -ure,压力。例: Under pressure.
- measure /ˈmeʒə/ meas- + -ure,测量;措施;程度。例: Take measures.
- pleasure /ˈpleʒə/ pleas- + -ure,愉快。例: It’s a pleasure.
- failure /ˈfeɪljə/ fail + -ure,失败。例: Fear of failure.
- closure /ˈkləʊʒə/ clos(e) + -ure,关闭;结束。例: The closure of the factory.
- mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə/ mix + -ture,混合物。例: A mixture of styles.
七、-age:结果、集合、费用
加在动词或名词后,表「动作结果、集合、费用、状态」等。
-age “result, collection, state”
- damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ dam- + -age,损害。例: Cause damage.
- marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/ marry + -age,婚姻。例: A happy marriage.
- passage /ˈpæsɪdʒ/ pass + -age,通道;段落;经过。例: A narrow passage.
- message /ˈmesɪdʒ/ mess- + -age,消息。例: Leave a message.
- storage /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ stor(e) + -age,储存;存储空间。例: Cloud storage.
- shortage /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ short + -age,短缺。例: A shortage of staff.
八、-dom:领域、状态、身份
加在名词或形容词后,表「领域、状态、身份」。
-dom “state, domain, rank”
- freedom /ˈfriːdəm/ free + -dom,自由。例: Freedom of speech.
- kingdom /ˈkɪŋdəm/ king + -dom,王国。例: The United Kingdom.
- wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/ wis(e) + -dom,智慧。例: Words of wisdom.
- boredom /ˈbɔːdəm/ bore + -dom,无聊。例: Die of boredom.
- stardom /ˈstɑːdəm/ star + -dom,明星身份/地位。例: Rise to stardom.
- martyrdom /ˈmɑːtədəm/ martyr + -dom,殉道;殉难。例: His martyrdom.
九、-hood:时期、状态、身份
加在名词后,表「时期、状态、身份」。
-hood “state, period, rank”
- childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ child + -hood,童年。例: A happy childhood.
- brotherhood /ˈbrʌðəhʊd/ brother + -hood,兄弟关系;兄弟会。例: A sense of brotherhood.
- neighborhood /ˈneɪbəhʊd/ neighbor + -hood,邻里;街区。例: A quiet neighborhood.
- likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ likely + -hood,可能性。例: In all likelihood.
- adulthood /əˈdʌlthʊd/ adult + -hood,成年(期)。例: Enter adulthood.
- motherhood /ˈmʌðəhʊd/ mother + -hood,母亲身份;母性。例: The joys of motherhood.
十、-ship:关系、技能、身份
加在名词后,表「关系、身份、技能、状态」。
-ship “state, skill, relation”
- friendship /ˈfrendʃɪp/ friend + -ship,友谊。例: A lasting friendship.
- relationship /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ relation + -ship,关系。例: A good relationship.
- leadership /ˈliːdəʃɪp/ leader + -ship,领导(能力/地位)。例: Strong leadership.
- membership /ˈmembəʃɪp/ member + -ship,会员身份;会员数。例: Apply for membership.
- scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ scholar + -ship,奖学金;学问。例: Win a scholarship.
- citizenship /ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp/ citizen + -ship,公民身份。例: Apply for citizenship.
-tion 与 -ment
-tion/-sion/-ation 多接拉丁词根(act→action, decide→decision, educate→education),重音常移到后缀前音节。 -ment 多接法语/拉丁动词(move→movement, develop→development, govern→government),重音多在词根。二者都表「动作/结果」,选哪个常由词根决定,无简单规则,需积累。
-ness 与 -ity
-ness 多接本族语形容词(happy→happiness, dark→darkness, kind→kindness),拼写简单。 -ity 多接拉丁词根(qual-→quality, real→reality, able→ability),有时需变形(able→ability, pure→purity)。-ity 重音常在后缀前音节。
-dom、-hood 与 -ship
-dom:领域/状态(kingdom, freedom, wisdom)。 -hood:时期/身份(childhood, adulthood, neighborhood)。 -ship:关系/技能/身份(friendship, leadership, membership, citizenship)。三者多接名词,构成抽象或集体名词。
十一、小结与下一步
本章串联 10 组名词化后缀:-tion/-sion/-ation、-ment、-ness、-ity/-ty、-ence/-ance、-ure、-age、-dom、-hood、-ship,每组 5–7 个例词并附 IPA、构词与例句;并说明词性转换与重音变化。下一章为「后缀(二):名词化(抽象、学科、集合)」。