后缀(一):名词化(动作、状态、结果)

名词化后缀:动作、状态与结果一图通。 本章讲解把动词或形容词变成名词的后缀:-tion/-sion/-ation(动作/结果)→ action, decision, education;-ment → movement, development;-ness(状态/性质)→ happiness, darkness;-ity/-ty → quality, safety;-ence/-ance → difference, importance;-ure → pressure, failure;-age → damage, marriage;-dom, -hood, -ship(身份/状态/关系)→ freedom, childhood, friendship。每词配 IPA、构词与例句,并附概念图与总览。
本章逻辑: 名词化后缀把动词或形容词变为名词,表「动作、过程、状态、结果」。① 动作/结果:-tion/-sion/-ation(接动词词根)、-ment、-ure。② 状态/性质:-ness(多接形容词)、-ity/-ty、-ence/-ance。③ 集合/结果/身份:-age;-dom、-hood、-ship(多接名词,表领域、时期、关系)。重音:加 -tion/-ity 等后,重音常落在后缀前音节(e.g. cómpute → computátion)。记「动作 -tion/-ment/-ure — 状态 -ness/-ity — -ence/-ance — -age/-dom/-hood/-ship」。
Verb/adj → noun: action/result (-tion, -ment, -ure), state (-ness, -ity, -ence/-ance), result/relation (-age, -dom, -hood, -ship).

一、-tion / -sion / -ation:动作、结果

加在动词词根后构成名词,表「动作、过程、结果」。拼写变体:-tion(常见)、-sion(如 decide→decision)、-ation(如 educate→education)。

-tion / -sion / -ation “action, state, result”

Latin -tio/-sio;重音多落在后缀前音节

  • action /ˈækʃn/ act + -ion,行为、动作。例: Take action now.
  • creation /kriˈeɪʃn/ creat(e) + -ion,创造(物)、创作。例: The creation of new jobs.
  • solution /səˈluːʃn/ solv(e) + -ution(← -tion),解决(方案);溶液。例: Find a solution.
  • decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/ decide + -sion,决定。例: Make a decision.
  • attention /əˈtenʃn/ attend + -tion,注意(力)。例: Pay attention.
  • education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ educat(e) + -ion,教育。例: Higher education.
  • production /prəˈdʌkʃn/ produc(e) + -tion,生产、产量。例: Increase production.

二、-ment:动作、结果

加在动词后构成名词,表「动作、过程、结果」。

-ment “action, result”

Latin -mentum;重音多在词根

  • movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ mov(e) + -ment,运动、动作;动向。例: The civil rights movement.
  • development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ develop + -ment,发展;开发。例: Economic development.
  • government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ govern + -ment,政府;治理。例: The government announced a plan.
  • treatment /ˈtriːtmənt/ treat + -ment,治疗;对待。例: Medical treatment.
  • agreement /əˈɡriːmənt/ agre(e) + -ment,协议;同意。例: Sign an agreement.
  • payment /ˈpeɪmənt/ pay + -ment,支付(款)。例: Make a payment.

三、-ness:状态、性质

加在形容词后构成名词,表「状态、性质」。

-ness “state, quality”

Old English -nes

  • happiness /ˈhæpinəs/ happy + -ness,幸福、快乐。例: Happiness is important.
  • darkness /ˈdɑːknəs/ dark + -ness,黑暗。例: The darkness of the room.
  • kindness /ˈkaɪndnəs/ kind + -ness,善意、仁慈。例: Thank you for your kindness.
  • weakness /ˈwiːknəs/ weak + -ness,虚弱;弱点。例: A sign of weakness.
  • brightness /ˈbraɪtnəs/ bright + -ness,明亮;亮度。例: Adjust the brightness.
  • sadness /ˈsædnəs/ sad + -ness,悲伤。例: She felt great sadness.

四、-ity / -ty:性质、状态

加在形容词后构成名词,表「性质、状态」;多接拉丁词根。

-ity / -ty “state, quality”

Latin -itas/-ty;重音常在后缀前音节

  • quality /ˈkwɒləti/ qual- + -ity,质量;性质。例: High quality products.
  • ability /əˈbɪləti/ able + -ity,能力。例: The ability to learn.
  • reality /riˈæləti/ real + -ity,现实。例: Face reality.
  • society /səˈsaɪəti/ soci- + -ety(← -ity),社会。例: Modern society.
  • safety /ˈseɪfti/ safe + -ty,安全。例: Safety first.
  • certainty /ˈsɜːtnti/ certain + -ty,确定性。例: With certainty.

五、-ence / -ance:状态、性质

加在动词或形容词后构成名词,表「状态、性质」;-ence 与 -ance 常对应不同词根(如 depend→dependence,attend→attendance)。

-ence / -ance “state, quality”

Latin -entia/-antia

  • difference /ˈdɪfrəns/ differ + -ence,差异。例: The difference between them.
  • presence /ˈprezns/ presen(t) + -ce,在场;存在。例: His presence was felt.
  • confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ confident + -ce,信心。例: Have confidence in yourself.
  • importance /ɪmˈpɔːtns/ importan(t) + -ce,重要性。例: Of great importance.
  • distance /ˈdɪstəns/ distan(t) + -ce,距离。例: Keep your distance.
  • performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ perform + -ance,表现;表演。例: A strong performance.

六、-ure:动作、结果、状态

加在动词词根后构成名词,表「动作、结果、状态」。

-ure “action, result, state”

Latin -ura

  • pressure /ˈpreʃə/ press + -ure,压力。例: Under pressure.
  • measure /ˈmeʒə/ meas- + -ure,测量;措施;程度。例: Take measures.
  • pleasure /ˈpleʒə/ pleas- + -ure,愉快。例: It’s a pleasure.
  • failure /ˈfeɪljə/ fail + -ure,失败。例: Fear of failure.
  • closure /ˈkləʊʒə/ clos(e) + -ure,关闭;结束。例: The closure of the factory.
  • mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə/ mix + -ture,混合物。例: A mixture of styles.

七、-age:结果、集合、费用

加在动词或名词后,表「动作结果、集合、费用、状态」等。

-age “result, collection, state”

Latin -aticum / French -age

  • damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ dam- + -age,损害。例: Cause damage.
  • marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/ marry + -age,婚姻。例: A happy marriage.
  • passage /ˈpæsɪdʒ/ pass + -age,通道;段落;经过。例: A narrow passage.
  • message /ˈmesɪdʒ/ mess- + -age,消息。例: Leave a message.
  • storage /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ stor(e) + -age,储存;存储空间。例: Cloud storage.
  • shortage /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ short + -age,短缺。例: A shortage of staff.

八、-dom:领域、状态、身份

加在名词或形容词后,表「领域、状态、身份」。

-dom “state, domain, rank”

Old English -dōm

  • freedom /ˈfriːdəm/ free + -dom,自由。例: Freedom of speech.
  • kingdom /ˈkɪŋdəm/ king + -dom,王国。例: The United Kingdom.
  • wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/ wis(e) + -dom,智慧。例: Words of wisdom.
  • boredom /ˈbɔːdəm/ bore + -dom,无聊。例: Die of boredom.
  • stardom /ˈstɑːdəm/ star + -dom,明星身份/地位。例: Rise to stardom.
  • martyrdom /ˈmɑːtədəm/ martyr + -dom,殉道;殉难。例: His martyrdom.

九、-hood:时期、状态、身份

加在名词后,表「时期、状态、身份」。

-hood “state, period, rank”

Old English -hād

  • childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ child + -hood,童年。例: A happy childhood.
  • brotherhood /ˈbrʌðəhʊd/ brother + -hood,兄弟关系;兄弟会。例: A sense of brotherhood.
  • neighborhood /ˈneɪbəhʊd/ neighbor + -hood,邻里;街区。例: A quiet neighborhood.
  • likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ likely + -hood,可能性。例: In all likelihood.
  • adulthood /əˈdʌlthʊd/ adult + -hood,成年(期)。例: Enter adulthood.
  • motherhood /ˈmʌðəhʊd/ mother + -hood,母亲身份;母性。例: The joys of motherhood.

十、-ship:关系、技能、身份

加在名词后,表「关系、身份、技能、状态」。

-ship “state, skill, relation”

Old English -scipe

  • friendship /ˈfrendʃɪp/ friend + -ship,友谊。例: A lasting friendship.
  • relationship /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ relation + -ship,关系。例: A good relationship.
  • leadership /ˈliːdəʃɪp/ leader + -ship,领导(能力/地位)。例: Strong leadership.
  • membership /ˈmembəʃɪp/ member + -ship,会员身份;会员数。例: Apply for membership.
  • scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ scholar + -ship,奖学金;学问。例: Win a scholarship.
  • citizenship /ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp/ citizen + -ship,公民身份。例: Apply for citizenship.
Ten noun-forming suffixes and one example each.

-tion 与 -ment

-tion/-sion/-ation 多接拉丁词根(act→action, decide→decision, educate→education),重音常移到后缀前音节。 -ment 多接法语/拉丁动词(move→movement, develop→development, govern→government),重音多在词根。二者都表「动作/结果」,选哪个常由词根决定,无简单规则,需积累。

-ness 与 -ity

-ness 多接本族语形容词(happy→happiness, dark→darkness, kind→kindness),拼写简单。 -ity 多接拉丁词根(qual-→quality, real→reality, able→ability),有时需变形(able→ability, pure→purity)。-ity 重音常在后缀前音节。

-dom、-hood 与 -ship

-dom:领域/状态(kingdom, freedom, wisdom)。 -hood:时期/身份(childhood, adulthood, neighborhood)。 -ship:关系/技能/身份(friendship, leadership, membership, citizenship)。三者多接名词,构成抽象或集体名词。

十一、小结与下一步

本章串联 10 组名词化后缀:-tion/-sion/-ation、-ment、-ness、-ity/-ty、-ence/-ance、-ure、-age、-dom、-hood、-ship,每组 5–7 个例词并附 IPA、构词与例句;并说明词性转换与重音变化。下一章为「后缀(二):名词化(抽象、学科、集合)」。