后缀(五):动词化与副词化
一、-ize / -ise:使…化、变成…
加在名词或形容词后构成动词,表「使…化、变成…、按…方式处理」。美式多用 -ize,英式部分词用 -ise。
-ize / -ise “make into, become”
- modernize /ˈmɒdənaɪz/ modern + -ize,使现代化。例: Modernize the system.
- realize /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ real + -ize,实现;意识到。例: Realize your goals.
- organize /ˈɔːɡənaɪz/ organ + -ize,组织。例: Organize a meeting.
- criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/ critic + -ize,批评。例: Don’t criticize him.
- emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/ emphasis + -ize(词根变体),强调。例: Emphasize the point.
- recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ re- + cogn-(知)+ -ize,认出;承认。例: Recognize the problem.
二、-ify:使成为…、使…化
加在形容词或名词后构成动词,表「使成为…、使…化」;接辅音结尾时常加连接元音 i。
-ify “make into, cause to be”
- simplify /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/ simpl(e) + -ify,简化。例: Simplify the process.
- clarify /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ clar-(清)+ -ify,澄清。例: Clarify your position.
- identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ ident-(同)+ -ify,识别;认同。例: Identify the cause.
- qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ qual-(质)+ -ify,使具有资格;限定。例: Qualify for the job.
- justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ just + -ify,证明…正当;辩护。例: Justify your decision.
- purify /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ/ pur(e) + -ify,净化。例: Purify the water.
三、-ate:做、使…(动词)
加在词根或名词后构成动词,表「做、使…、成为…」;同一形式常可作名词或形容词(见第75章)。
-ate “do, make, become” (verb)
- create /kriˈeɪt/ cre-(生)+ -ate,创造。例: Create something new.
- activate /ˈæktɪveɪt/ active + -ate(词根 act-),激活。例: Activate the account.
- communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ commun-(共)+ -ic- + -ate,沟通。例: Communicate clearly.
- celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ celebr-(著名)+ -ate,庆祝。例: Celebrate the success.
- demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ demonstr-(示)+ -ate,证明;演示。例: Demonstrate the method.
- educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ e- + duc-(引)+ -ate,教育。例: Educate the public.
四、-en:使…、变…
加在形容词或名词后构成动词,表「使…、变得…」;本族语后缀,拼写简短。
-en “make, become”
- strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/ strength + -en,加强。例: Strengthen the team.
- widen /ˈwaɪdn/ wide + -en,加宽。例: Widen the road.
- deepen /ˈdiːpn/ deep + -en,加深。例: Deepen your understanding.
- soften /ˈsɒfn/ soft + -en,使变软;缓和。例: Soften the butter.
- darken /ˈdɑːkən/ dark + -en,变暗;使变暗。例: The sky darkened.
- shorten /ˈʃɔːtn/ short + -en,缩短。例: Shorten the essay.
五、-esce:开始…、逐渐…
表「开始…、逐渐变得…」,多接拉丁词根;对应名词常为 -escence。
-esce “begin to, become”
- coalesce /ˌkəʊəˈles/ co- + al-(长)+ -esce,合并;融合。例: Ideas coalesced.
- convalesce /ˌkɒnvəˈles/ con- + val-(强)+ -esce,康复。例: He is convalescing at home.
- acquiesce /ˌækwiˈes/ ac- + qui-(静)+ -esce,默许。例: Acquiesce in the plan.
- evanesce /ˌiːvəˈnes/ e- + van-(空)+ -esce,逐渐消失。例: The mist evanesced.
- effloresce /ˌeflɔːˈres/ ef- + flor-(花)+ -esce,开花;风化。例: Crystals effloresce.
- luminesce /ˌluːmɪˈnes/ lumin-(光)+ -esce,发光。例: The screen luminesces.
六、-ly:…地(副词)
加在形容词后构成副词,表方式、程度等;是英语中最常用的副词后缀。
-ly “in the manner of, to the degree of”
- quickly /ˈkwɪkli/ quick + -ly,快速地。例: Run quickly.
- slowly /ˈsləʊli/ slow + -ly,缓慢地。例: Walk slowly.
- happily /ˈhæpɪli/ happ(y) + -ily(y→i + -ly),快乐地。例: Live happily.
- clearly /ˈklɪəli/ clear + -ly,清楚地。例: Speak clearly.
- finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ final + -ly,最终。例: Finally we agreed.
- actually /ˈæktʃuəli/ actual + -ly,实际上。例: Actually, no.
七、-ward(s):向…方向
表「向…方向的」,可作形容词或副词;-ward 为形容词/副词,-wards 主要为副词(英式更常用 -wards)。
-ward(s) “toward, in the direction of”
- forward /ˈfɔːwəd/ fore + -ward,向前(的)。例: Move forward.
- backward /ˈbækwəd/ back + -ward,向后(的)。例: Step backward.
- homeward /ˈhəʊmwəd/ home + -ward,向家(的)。例: The homeward journey.
- eastward /ˈiːstwəd/ east + -ward,向东(的)。例: Travel eastward.
- upward /ˈʌpwəd/ up + -ward,向上(的)。例: An upward trend.
- downward /ˈdaʊnwəd/ down + -ward,向下(的)。例: Downward pressure.
八、-wise:方式、方向、方面
表「以…方式、在…方向、就…而言」,可作副词或形容词。
-wise “in the manner of, with regard to”
- clockwise /ˈklɒkwaɪz/ clock + -wise,顺时针地(的)。例: Turn clockwise.
- otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/ other + -wise,否则;在其他方面。例: Do it, otherwise forget it.
- likewise /ˈlaɪkwaɪz/ like + -wise,同样地。例: Likewise, we agree.
- lengthwise /ˈleŋθwaɪz/ length + -wise,纵长地(的)。例: Cut lengthwise.
- crosswise /ˈkrɒswaɪz/ cross + -wise,横向地(的)。例: Lay the strips crosswise.
- budget-wise /ˈbʌdʒɪtwaɪz/ budget + -wise,就预算而言。例: Budget-wise, we’re fine.
九、-ways:方向、方式
表「以…方向、以…方式」,与 -wise 部分重叠;常见词较少。
-ways “in the direction of, in the manner of”
- sideways /ˈsaɪdweɪz/ side + -ways,向侧面(的)。例: Look sideways.
- lengthways /ˈleŋθweɪz/ length + -ways,纵长地(的)。例: Fold lengthways.
- edgeways /ˈedʒweɪz/ edge + -ways,从边沿;侧着。例: Get a word in edgeways.
- always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ all + way + -s,总是。例: Always on time.
- endways /ˈendweɪz/ end + -ways,竖着;末端朝前。例: Place the board endways.
十、-fold:…倍
加在数词或名词后,表「…倍的、成…倍地」;可作形容词或副词。
-fold “times, multiplied by”
- twofold /ˈtuːfəʊld/ two + -fold,两倍的。例: A twofold increase.
- threefold /ˈθriːfəʊld/ three + -fold,三倍的。例: Threefold growth.
- tenfold /ˈtenfəʊld/ ten + -fold,十倍的。例: Increase tenfold.
- manifold /ˈmænɪfəʊld/ mani-(多)+ -fold,多倍的;多样的。例: Manifold reasons.
- hundredfold /ˈhʌndrədfəʊld/ hundred + -fold,百倍的。例: Repay hundredfold.
-ize 与 -ify
-ize 多接名词或形容词(modern→modernize, real→realize),美式拼写 -ize、英式部分 -ise。 -ify 多接形容词或简单词根,常需连接元音 i(simple→simplify, pure→purify)。二者都表「使…化」,词根决定用哪个,无简单规则。
-ward 与 -wards
意思相同:forward/forwards, backward/backwards。美式多用 -ward(兼作形容词和副词),英式常用 -wards 作副词。作定语时多用 -ward(e.g. a backward glance)。
-wise 与 -ways
-wise 更常见,可表方式(clockwise)、方面(budget-wise)、「否则/同样」(otherwise, likewise)。-ways 词较少,多表方向(sideways, lengthways)。二者在 lengthwise/lengthways 等词中可互换。
十一、小结与下一步
本章串联 10 组动词化与副词化后缀:-ize/-ise、-ify、-ate、-en、-esce(动词);-ly、-ward(s)、-wise、-ways、-fold(副词/方向/倍数),每组 5–6 个例词并附 IPA、构词与例句;并说明 -ize/-ise 拼写、-ly 变体及 -ward/-wise 用法。下一章为「后缀(六):人、物与小型」。