拉丁词根(十五):心、智与法
一、cor / cord:心
拉丁词根 cor- / cord-(心)来自名词 cor(心)。在英语里多为 cord-(cor 的属格 cordis)。本义「心脏、内心」,引申为「一致、勇气、记录」等。
cor- / cord- “heart”
- cordial /ˈkɔːdiəl/ cord- + -ial,发自内心的 → 热诚的、亲切的。例: We received a cordial welcome from our hosts.
- accord /əˈkɔːd/ ac-(ad- 向)+ cord,心向一处 → 一致、符合;协议。例: The two sides reached an accord on the border issue.
- discord /ˈdɪskɔːd/ dis-(分开)+ cord,心不在一起 → 不和、分歧。例: There was discord within the family over the inheritance.
- courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ cord- + -age,心里的(力量)→ 勇气。例: It took great courage to speak out against the policy.
- encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ en-(使)+ courage,使有勇气 → 鼓励。例: Her parents always encouraged her to follow her dreams.
- record /rɪˈkɔːd/ re-(回)+ cord,放回心里(记下)→ 记录;名词 /ˈrekɔːd/ 唱片、纪录。例: The meeting was recorded for later review.
二、ment:心智
拉丁词根 ment-(心智、思想)来自名词 mēns(心、头脑)。在英语里多为 ment-。本义「心、思」,与 mental、mention 相关。
ment- “mind, think”
- mental /ˈmentl/ ment- + -al,与心智有关的 → 精神的、脑力的。例: Regular exercise is good for your mental health.
- mention /ˈmenʃn/ ment- + -ion,把……带到心里/嘴上 → 提及。例: She did not mention the problem to anyone.
- comment /ˈkɒment/ com-(加强)+ ment,把想法说出来 → 评论、意见。例: He made a comment about the weather.
- mentality /menˈtæləti/ mental + -ity,心态、思维方式。例: A winning mentality is essential in sport.
- remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ re-(再)+ mind(ment 变体),再回到心里 → 提醒。例: Remind me to call her tomorrow.
三、jur / jus:法、誓
拉丁词根 jur- / jus-(法、誓、正义)来自名词 iūs(法、权利)、动词 iūrāre(发誓)。在英语里多为 jur- 或 jus-。本义「法律、正义、誓言」。
jur- / jus- “law, swear, right”
- jury /ˈdʒʊəri/ jur- + -y,发誓(断案)的一群人 → 陪审团。例: The jury found the defendant not guilty.
- justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ jus- + -tice,法、正义 → 正义;Justice 法官。例: They demanded justice for the victims.
- justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ jus- + -ify,使符合法/正当 → 证明……正当、辩护。例: Nothing can justify such cruelty.
- injury /ˈɪndʒəri/ in-(不)+ jur- + -y,不合法(的侵害)→ 伤害、损伤。例: He suffered a serious injury in the accident.
- perjury /ˈpɜːdʒəri/ per-(完全、错误)+ jur- + -y,违反誓言 → 伪证。例: He was charged with perjury for lying in court.
四、leg / lex:法
拉丁词根 leg- / lex-(法)来自名词 lēx(法律)。与第四章「读、选」义的 leg/lect 同形不同源:本章为「法律」义(legal、legislate)。
leg- / lex- “law” (Latin lex)
- legal /ˈliːɡl/ leg- + -al,与法有关的 → 合法的、法律的。例: Is it legal to park here?
- legislate /ˈledʒɪsleɪt/ leg- + isl- + -ate,制定法律 → 立法。例: Parliament has the power to legislate on this matter.
- legislature /ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə/ legislate + -ure,立法的机构 → 立法机关。例: The legislature passed a new bill last week.
- privilege /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ priv-(私)+ leg-(法),私法、个人享有的(权利)→ 特权、荣幸。例: It was a privilege to meet the author.
五、lit:字、书
拉丁词根 lit-(字、书)来自名词 littera(字母)。在英语里多为 lit-。本义「字母、文字」,引申为「文学、识字」等。
lit- “letter, writing”
- literal /ˈlɪtərəl/ lit- + -eral,按字面(的)→ 字面的、逐字的。例: I meant it in the literal sense of the word.
- literature /ˈlɪtərətʃə/ lit- + -erature,文字(作品)→ 文学、文献。例: She studied English literature at university.
- literacy /ˈlɪtərəsi/ lit- + -eracy,识字(能力)→ 读写能力。例: Literacy rates have improved in the region.
- illiterate /ɪˈlɪtərət/ il-(不)+ liter- + -ate,不识字的 → 文盲的。例: He was illiterate until he attended adult education classes.
leg:法 vs 读·选
拉丁有两个不同的 leg:一是 lēx(法律)→ legal、legislate、privilege;二是 legere(读、选)→ lecture、elect、collect(第四章)。遇到 leg 时看语境:与「合法、立法、特权」相关多为「法」义;与「讲、选、收集」相关多为「读/选」义。
六、小结与下一步
本章介绍了五组拉丁词根:cor/cord(心)→ cordial、accord、discord、courage、encourage、record;ment(心智)→ mental、mention、comment、mentality、remind;jur/jus(法、誓)→ jury、justice、justify、injury、perjury;leg/lex(法)→ legal、legislate、legislature、privilege;lit(字、书)→ literal、literature、literacy、illiterate。下一章我们会学习「民、城、社与爱恨」:pop、civ、soci、am、odi、pac。