拉丁词根(十六):民、城、社与爱恨
一、pop:民
拉丁词根 pop-(民)来自名词 populus(人民、民众)。在英语里多为 pop- 或 publ-(publicus 来自 populus)。本义「人民」,引申为「大众、公开」等。
pop- “people”
- population /ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃn/ pop- + -ul- + -ation,民众(的数量)→ 人口。例: The population of the city has doubled in twenty years.
- popular /ˈpɒpjələ/ pop- + -ular,属于民众的 → 流行的、受欢迎的。例: This song became very popular overnight.
- populate /ˈpɒpjuleɪt/ pop- + -ulate,使有人民 → 居住于、 populate(某地)。例: The island was once populated by fishermen.
- public /ˈpʌblɪk/ publ-(populus 变体)+ -ic,属于民众的 → 公众的、公开的。例: The matter became public knowledge last week.
- publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ publ- + -ish,使公开(给民众)→ 出版、发表。例: She has published three novels so far.
二、civ:城、民
拉丁词根 civ-(城、民)来自名词 cīvis(市民)、cīvitās(城邦、公民身份)。在英语里多为 civ- 或 cit-。本义「市民、城邦」,引申为「公民、文明」等。
civ- / cit- “city, citizen”
- civil /ˈsɪvl/ civ- + -il,与市民/城邦有关的 → 公民的、民事的、文明的。例: The country was torn apart by civil war.
- citizen /ˈsɪtɪzn/ cit- + -izen,市民 → 公民、居民。例: She became a citizen after living here for five years.
- civic /ˈsɪvɪk/ civ- + -ic,与城邦/市民有关的 → 市政的、公民的。例: Civic duty includes voting and jury service.
- civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ civil + -ization,文明化(的结果)→ 文明。例: Ancient civilizations left behind many wonders.
- civilize /ˈsɪvəlaɪz/ civil + -ize,使文明 → 使开化、教化。例: The mission aimed to civilize the local tribes.
三、soci:社
拉丁词根 soci-(社、伴)来自名词 socius(同伴、盟友)。在英语里多为 soci-。本义「同伴、结盟」,引申为「社会、交往」等。
soci- “companion, society”
- society /səˈsaɪəti/ soci- + -ety,结伴(而成的整体)→ 社会。例: Technology has changed modern society in many ways.
- social /ˈsəʊʃl/ soci- + -al,与同伴/社会有关的 → 社会的、社交的。例: She has a busy social life.
- associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ as-(ad- 向)+ soci- + -ate,使成为同伴 → 联想、交往;伙伴。例: People often associate rain with sadness.
- sociology /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/ soci- + -ology(学科),研究社会的学科 → 社会学。例: He studied sociology at university.
四、am:爱
拉丁词根 am-(爱)来自动词 amāre(爱)。在英语里多为 am-。本义「爱」,引申为「友好、喜爱」等。
am- “love”
- amiable /ˈeɪmiəbl/ am- + -iable,可爱(的)→ 和蔼可亲的。例: She has an amiable personality that puts people at ease.
- amicable /ˈæmɪkəbl/ am- + -ic- + -able,可友爱的 → 友善的、和平的(多指关系或解决方式)。例: They reached an amicable divorce settlement.
- amateur /ˈæmətə/ am- + -ateur,因爱好(而做)的人 → 业余爱好者。例: He is an amateur photographer who shoots in his spare time.
- amorous /ˈæmərəs/ am- + -ous,充满爱的 → 多情的、恋爱的。例: The novel is full of amorous adventures.
五、odi:恨
拉丁词根 odi-(恨)来自动词 ōdī(恨)。在英语里多为 odi-。本义「憎恨」,多用于形容词、名词。
odi- “hate”
- odious /ˈəʊdiəs/ odi- + -ous,可恨的 → 可憎的、令人厌恶的。例: The dictator’s odious regime was finally overthrown.
- odium /ˈəʊdiəm/ odi- + -um,恨(的状态)→ 憎恶、臭名。例: He bore the odium of the scandal for years.
六、pac:和平
拉丁词根 pac-(和平)来自名词 pāx(和平)。在英语里多为 pac- 或 peac-(peace 经古法语)。本义「和平」,引申为「平息、协定」等。
pac- “peace”
- peace /piːs/ 来自拉丁 pāx(经古法语),和平。例: After years of war, the region finally enjoyed peace.
- pacify /ˈpæsɪfaɪ/ pac- + -ify,使和平 → 平息、抚慰。例: The government tried to pacify the protesters with promises.
- pacific /pəˈsɪfɪk/ pac- + -ific,带来和平的 → 和平的、温和的;Pacific 太平洋。例: She had a pacific nature and rarely argued.
- pact /pækt/ pac- + -t,约定(和平/条款)→ 条约、协定。例: The two nations signed a peace pact.
amiable vs amicable
Amiable 多指人「和蔼可亲、好相处」;amicable 多指关系、分手、协议等「友善的、不伤和气的」。例如:an amiable neighbour(和气的邻居);an amicable separation(和平分手)。
七、小结与下一步
本章介绍了六组拉丁词根:pop(民)→ population、popular、populate、public、publish;civ/cit(城、民)→ civil、citizen、civic、civilization、civilize;soci(社)→ society、social、associate、sociology;am(爱)→ amiable、amicable、amateur、amorous;odi(恨)→ odious、odium;pac(和平)→ peace、pacify、pacific、pact。下一章我们会学习「绑、连、紧与滚」:lig、nect、string/strict、volv/volut、plic/plex。