拉丁词根(十九):导、规与叠
一、reg:导、规
拉丁词根 reg-(导、规)来自动词 regere(统治、拉直)。在英语里多为 reg-。本义「统治、引导」,引申为「规则、区域」等。
reg- “rule, guide”
- regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ reg- + -ul- + -ate,按规则引导 → 调节、管制。例: The government regulates the sale of alcohol.
- regular /ˈreɡjələ/ reg- + -ular,符合规则的 → 规则的、定期的、常规的。例: He is a regular customer at this café.
- regime /reɪˈʒiːm/ reg- + -ime,统治(方式)→ 政权、体制。例: The old regime was overthrown in a coup.
- region /ˈriːdʒn/ reg- + -ion,被(界线)划定的范围 → 地区、区域。例: This wine comes from the Bordeaux region.
- reign /reɪn/ reg- 的变体,统治(期)→ 统治、在位。例: The king reigned for over forty years.
二、rect:直
拉丁词根 rect-(直)来自 regere 的完成分词 rēctus(被拉直的)。在英语里多为 rect-。本义「直、正」,引申为「纠正、方向」等。
rect- “straight, right”
- correct /kəˈrekt/ cor-(com- 加强)+ rect,使直 → 正确的;纠正。例: Please correct any spelling mistakes.
- direct /dəˈrekt/ di-(dis- 分开)+ rect,拉直(指向)→ 直接的;指导。例: Can you direct me to the station?
- rectangle /ˈrektaŋɡl/ rect- + angle,直角(的四边形)→ 矩形。例: A square is a special type of rectangle.
- rectify /ˈrektɪfaɪ/ rect- + -ify,使直 → 纠正、修正。例: We must rectify the error as soon as possible.
- erect /ɪˈrekt/ e-(出)+ rect,直着立起来 → 竖立、建立。例: A monument was erected in the town square.
三、duc / duct:导
拉丁词根 duc- / duct-(导)来自动词 dūcere(引导、带领)。在英语里多为 duc- 或 duct-。本义「引导」,引申为「传导、生产、教育」等。
duc- / duct- “lead”
- conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ con-(一起)+ duct,引导到一起 → 进行、指挥;行为。名词 /ˈkɒndʌkt/ 行为。例: The experiment was conducted under strict conditions.
- produce /prəˈdjuːs/ pro-(向前)+ duc- + -e,向前引导(出来)→ 生产、产生。例: The factory produces over a thousand cars a week.
- introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/ intro-(入内)+ duc- + -e,引入 → 介绍、引进。例: Let me introduce you to my colleague.
- reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ re-(回)+ duc- + -e,引回(缩小)→ 减少、降低。例: We need to reduce our spending.
- educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ e-(出)+ duc- + -ate,引导出来 → 教育。例: She was educated at Oxford.
四、plic / plex:叠、缠(复习与扩展)
第十九章已介绍 plic- / plex-(叠、缠)来自拉丁 plicāre(折叠)。此处与 ply 一并复习:complex、complicate、duplicate、apply、reply 等。
plic- / plex- “fold” (review)
- complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ com-(一起)+ plex,叠在一起 → 复杂的。例: The problem is more complex than we thought.
- duplicate /ˈdjuːplɪkeɪt/ du-(二)+ plic- + -ate,叠成两份 → 复制。例: Duplicate the file and save it with a new name.
五、ply:叠
ply 为 plic- 的缩略形式,同样表「叠、折」。常见于 multiply、supply、comply、imply、explicit 等。
ply- “fold” (from plic-)
- multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ multi-(多)+ ply,叠多次 → 乘、增加。例: Rabbits multiply very quickly.
- supply /səˈplaɪ/ sup-(sub- 下)+ ply,从下叠上(补足)→ 供应。例: The pipeline supplies water to the city.
- comply /kəmˈplaɪ/ com-(一起)+ ply,叠合(遵从)→ 遵守、服从。例: All members must comply with the rules.
- imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ im-(in- 入)+ ply,叠入(话中)→ 暗示。例: His silence implied consent.
- explicit /ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/ ex-(出)+ plic- + -it,叠开的(摊开说)→ 明确的、直言的。例: The instructions were very explicit.
reg 与 rect
reg- 来自动词 regere(统治、拉直),表「规则、引导」→ regulate、region、reign。rect- 来自其完成分词 rēctus(被拉直的),表「直、正」→ correct、direct、rectangle、rectify。二者同源:先有「拉直」的动作(reg),后有「直的」状态(rect)。
六、小结与下一步
本章介绍了五组词根:reg(导、规)→ regulate、regular、regime、region、reign;rect(直)→ correct、direct、rectangle、rectify、erect;duc/duct(导)→ conduct、produce、introduce、reduce、educate;plic/plex、ply(叠)→ complex、duplicate、multiply、supply、comply、imply、explicit。下一章我们会学习「切、刺、分与解」:cid/cis、punct、sect、solv/solut、sec/seg。