拉丁词根(二十):切、刺、分与解

切、刺、分、解。 本章五组词根对应「分割与解开」:cid/cis(切、杀)→ decide /dɪˈsaɪd/precise /prɪˈsaɪs/punct(刺)→ puncture /ˈpʌŋktʃə/punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/sect(切)→ section /ˈsekʃn/dissect /dɪˈsekt/solv/solut(解、松)→ solve /sɒlv/resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/sec/seg(切)→ segment /ˈseɡmənt/insect /ˈɪnsekt/。每词配 IPA、释义与例句,并附图示,便于在阅读中识别 decide、puncture、section、solve 等同族词。

一、cid / cis:切、杀

拉丁词根 cid- / cis-(切、杀)来自动词 caedere(切、杀)。在英语里多为 cid-(动词词干)或 cis-(完成词干)。本义「切下、切断」,引申为「决定、精确」等。

cid- / cis- “cut, kill”

拉丁 caedere(切、杀)→ cid-、cis-

  • decide /dɪˈsaɪd/ de-( off)+ cid- + -e,切掉(犹豫)→ 决定。例: We have decided to move house next year.
  • precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ pre-(前)+ cis- + -e,事先切好的(界线分明)→ 精确的。例: Please give me the precise time of arrival.
  • incision /ɪnˈsɪʒn/ in-(入)+ cis- + -ion,切进去 → 切口、 incision(手术)。例: The surgeon made a small incision in the abdomen.
  • concise /kənˈsaɪs/ con-(一起)+ cis- + -e,一起切短 → 简洁的。例: Her reply was clear and concise.
  • homicide /ˈhɒmɪsaɪd/ homi-(人)+ cid- + -e,杀人 → 杀人(罪)。例: He was charged with homicide.

二、punct:刺

拉丁词根 punct-(刺)来自动词 pungere(刺、戳)的完成词干。在英语里多为 punct-。本义「刺出的点」,引申为「准时、标点」等。

punct- “prick, point”

拉丁 pungere(刺)→ punct-

  • puncture /ˈpʌŋktʃə/ punct- + -ure,刺(出的孔)→ 刺破、 puncture(轮胎等)。例: I had a puncture on the motorway and had to change the tyre.
  • punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/ punct- + -ual,卡在(时间)点上的 → 准时的。例: She is always punctual for meetings.
  • punctuation /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn/ punct- + -uation,用点(分隔)→ 标点。例: Check your spelling and punctuation before submitting.
  • compunction /kəmˈpʌŋkʃn/ com-(一起)+ punct- + -ion,被刺(良心)→ 内疚、良心不安。例: He had no compunction about lying to them.
五组词根与例词:切·杀(cid/cis)、刺(punct)、切(sect)、解·松(solv/solut)、切(sec/seg)

三、sect:切

拉丁词根 sect-(切)来自动词 secāre(切)的完成词干。在英语里多为 sect-。本义「切割」,与 section、dissect 同族。

sect- “cut”

拉丁 secāre(切)→ sect-

  • section /ˈsekʃn/ sect- + -ion,切出的部分 → 部分、段落、区域。例: See the finance section of the report.
  • dissect /dɪˈsekt/ dis-(分开)+ sect,切分开 → 解剖、剖析。例: The class dissected a frog in biology.
  • intersect /ˌɪntəˈsekt/ inter-(相互)+ sect,相互切(交叉)→ 相交、交叉。例: The two lines intersect at point A.
  • sector /ˈsektə/ sect- + -or,切出的(扇形)区域 → 部门、扇形。例: The private sector has grown rapidly.

四、solv / solut:解、松

拉丁词根 solv- / solut-(解、松)来自动词 solvere(解开、松开)。在英语里多为 solv-solut-。本义「解开、溶解」,引申为「解决、决心」等。

solv- / solut- “loosen, solve”

拉丁 solvere(解开)→ solv-、solut-

  • solve /sɒlv/ solv- + -e,解开(难题)→ 解决。例: We need to solve this problem quickly.
  • resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/ re-(加强)+ solv- + -e,彻底解开 → 解决、决心;名词 决心。例: They resolved their differences and became friends again.
  • absolute /ˈæbsəluːt/ ab-(脱离)+ solut- + -e,完全解开的(无束缚)→ 绝对的、完全的。例: He has absolute power in the company.
  • dissolve /dɪˈzɒlv/ dis-(分开)+ solv- + -e,解开(分散)→ 溶解、解散。例: Sugar dissolves in water.

五、sec / seg:切

拉丁词根 sec- / seg-(切)来自动词 secāre(切)。与 sect- 同源:sec- 为现在词干,sect- 为完成词干。本义「切割」,见于 segment、insect、bisect 等。

sec- / seg- “cut” (same as sect)

拉丁 secāre(切)→ sec-、seg-、sect-

  • segment /ˈseɡmənt/ seg- + -ment,切出的块 → 段、部分。例: The market is divided into several segments.
  • insect /ˈɪnsekt/ in-(入)+ sect,切进去(身体分段)→ 昆虫。例: An insect landed on her arm.
  • bisect /baɪˈsekt/ bi-(二)+ sect,切成两半 → 平分。例: The line bisects the angle at 45 degrees.

sect / sec / seg:同源「切」

拉丁 secāre(切)在英语中有三种形式:sect-(完成词干)→ section、dissect、intersect、sector;sec-seg-(现在词干变体)→ segment、insect、bisect。三者同源,均表「切、分」。

六、小结与下一步

本章介绍了五组词根:cid/cis(切、杀)→ decide、precise、incision、concise、homicide;punct(刺)→ puncture、punctual、punctuation、compunction;sect(切)→ section、dissect、intersect、sector;solv/solut(解、松)→ solve、resolve、absolute、dissolve;sec/seg(切)→ segment、insect、bisect。下一章我们会学习「携、贡、选与愿」:lattribleg/lectoptelig