拉丁词根(三十七):征服、战、争与力
一、vict / vinc:胜、克
拉丁词根 vict- / vinc- 来自动词 vincere(战胜)。本义「征服、战胜」,引申为「说服(在论战中胜出)、驱逐、定罪」等。
vict- / vinc- “conquer, win”
- victory /ˈvɪktəri/ vict- + -ory,战胜(的结果)→ 胜利。例: They celebrated their victory.
- victor /ˈvɪktə/ vict- + -or,战胜者 → 胜利者。例: The victor received the trophy.
- convince /kənˈvɪns/ con-( thoroughly)+ vinc- + -e,完全战胜(对方)→ 说服。例: She convinced him to stay.
- invincible /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl/ in-( not)+ vinc- + -ible,不可战胜的 → 无敌的。例: The team seemed invincible.
- evict /ɪˈvɪkt/ e-(ex-, out)+ vict,战胜(并逐出)→ 驱逐、收回(房产)。例: The tenant was evicted for non-payment.
- convict /kənˈvɪkt/ con- + vict,一起战胜(证明有罪)→ 定罪;罪犯。例: He was convicted of fraud.
- vanquish /ˈvæŋkwɪʃ/ vinc- 变体 + -ish,战胜 → 征服、击败。例: The army vanquished the enemy.
二、milit:兵
拉丁词根 milit- 来自名词 miles(士兵,属格 militis)。本义「士兵、军事」,引申为「好战的、民兵、军事化」等。
milit- “soldier, military”
- military /ˈmɪlɪtri/ milit- + -ary,士兵的 → 军事的、军队的。例: He had a long military career.
- militant /ˈmɪlɪtənt/ milit- + -ant,如士兵般(好斗)的 → 好战的、激进的。例: The militant group claimed responsibility.
- militia /məˈlɪʃə/ milit- + -ia,士兵(的集体)→ 民兵、国民卫队。例: The militia was called out.
- militarize /ˈmɪlɪtəraɪz/ militar- + -ize,使军事化 → 武装、军事化。例: The border was militarized.
- demilitarize /ˌdiːˈmɪlɪtəraɪz/ de-( remove)+ militarize,去除军事化 → 非军事化。例: The zone was demilitarized.
- militarism /ˈmɪlɪtərɪzəm/ militar- + -ism,军事(主义)→ 军国主义。例: Militarism dominated the regime.
三、pugn:斗
拉丁词根 pugn- 来自动词 pugnāre(打斗),与 pugnus(拳头)同源。本义「打斗」,引申为「好斗的、令人反感的、质疑」等。
pugn- “fight”
- pugnacious /pʌɡˈneɪʃəs/ pugn- + -acious,爱斗的 → 好斗的、好争的。例: He was pugnacious by nature.
- repugnant /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/ re-( back)+ pugn- + -ant,打回去(抵触)→ 令人厌恶的。例: The idea was repugnant to her.
- impugn /ɪmˈpjuːn/ im-(in-, toward)+ pugn,向…出击(质疑)→ 质疑、攻击(名誉等)。例: No one impugned his integrity.
- repugnance /rɪˈpʌɡnəns/ repugn- + -ance,抵触(感)→ 厌恶、强烈反对。例: She felt repugnance at the thought.
- pugilist /ˈpjuːdʒɪlɪst/ pug-(拳)+ -il- + -ist,用拳(者)→ 拳击手。例: He was a professional pugilist.
四、bell:战
拉丁词根 bell- 来自名词 bellum(战争)。本义「战争」,引申为「好战的、战前的、反叛」等。
bell- “war”
- bellicose /ˈbelɪkəʊs/ bell- + -ic- + -ose,战争的(倾向)→ 好战的。例: The leader had a bellicose rhetoric.
- belligerent /bəˈlɪdʒərənt/ bell- + -i- + ger-(进行)+ -ent,进行战争的 → 交战的;好斗的。例: The belligerent nations agreed to a truce.
- antebellum /ˌæntiˈbeləm/ ante-( before)+ bell- + -um,战前的 → (尤指美国)内战前的。例: Antebellum architecture still stands in the South.
- postbellum /ˌpəʊstˈbeləm/ post-( after)+ bell- + -um,战后的 → 战后时期。例: Postbellum reconstruction was difficult.
- rebellion /rɪˈbeliən/ re-( again)+ bell- + -ion,再次开战(反抗)→ 叛乱、反抗。例: The rebellion was crushed.
- rebel /ˈrebl/ re- + bel-(bell-),再次战(者)→ 反叛者;反叛。例: The rebels took control of the city.
五、fort:力(巩固)
拉丁词根 fort- 来自形容词 fortis(强的)。第二十四章已讲「强、势」,此处巩固:fort、fortify、effort、comfort、force、enforce、reinforce。
fort- “strong” (review, see Ch.24)
- fort /fɔːt/ fort,强(的据点)→ 堡垒、要塞。例: The soldiers defended the fort.
- fortify /ˈfɔːtɪfaɪ/ fort- + -ify,使变强 → 加固、增强。例: They fortified the walls.
- effort /ˈefət/ ex-( out)+ fort,使出(的力)→ 努力。例: It took a great effort to finish.
- comfort /ˈkʌmfət/ com-( with)+ fort,与力量一起(给力)→ 安慰、舒适。例: She offered words of comfort.
- force /fɔːs/ fort- 变体 → 力、武力;强迫。例: The force of the impact was huge.
- enforce /ɪnˈfɔːs/ en-(in-)+ force,使进入(强制)→ 实施、强制执行。例: The law was strictly enforced.
- reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/ re-( again)+ in- + force,再次加强 → 加强、增援。例: Troops were sent to reinforce the border.
militant vs belligerent
Militant(好战的、激进的):强调「如军人般积极投身(某事业或斗争)」,可指组织或态度,如 militant activists. Belligerent(交战的;好斗的):强调「处于战争状态」或「言行挑衅、好斗」,如 belligerent behaviour. 记:militant = 积极参战/斗争;belligerent = 正在交战或态度好斗。
六、小结与下一步
本章按「胜—兵—斗—战—力」串联五组词根:vict/vinc(胜、克)→ victory、victor、convince、invincible、evict、convict、vanquish;milit(兵)→ military、militant、militia、militarize、demilitarize、militarism;pugn(斗)→ pugnacious、repugnant、impugn、repugnance、pugilist;bell(战)→ bellicose、belligerent、antebellum、postbellum、rebellion、rebel;fort(力,巩固)→ fort、fortify、effort、comfort、force、enforce、reinforce。下一章我们会学习「火、光、热与冷」:ign、flam/flamm、frig、calor、cand。